The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Health education for pregnant smokers: its behavioral impact and cost benefit.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES. A randomized trial (the Birmingham Trial II) was conducted to evaluate the behavioral impact of health education methods among 814 female smokers at four public health maternity clinics. METHODS. Four hundred patients were randomly assigned to an Experimental (E) Group, and 414 were assigned to a Control (C) Group. Self-reports and saliva cotinine tests confirmed smoking status at the first visit, at midpregnancy, and at end of pregnancy. RESULTS. The E Group exhibited a 14.3% quit rate and the C Group an 8.5% quit rate. A Historical Comparison (C) Group exhibited a 3.0% quit rate. Black E and C Group patients had higher quit rates than White E and C Group patients. A cost-benefit analysis found cost-to-benefit ratios of $1:$6.72 (low estimate) and $1:$17.18 (high estimate) and an estimated savings of $247,296 (low estimate) and $699,240 (high estimate). CONCLUSION. Health education methods are efficacious and cost beneficial for pregnant smokers in public health maternity clinics.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 26
- McIntosh I, 1984, Public Health Rev., 12, 29
- 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114803 · DOI · Paper page
- A Midcourse Review. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1986.
- Institute of Medicine, Committee to Study the Prevention of Low Birthweight. Preventing Low Birthweight. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1985.
- Sexton M, Hebel R. A clinical trial of change in maternal smoking and its effect on birth weight.JAMA. 1984;251:911-915. · DOI
- 10.2105/AJPH.75.12.1389 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/109019818601300203 · DOI
- 10.2105/AJPH.79.2.182 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2105/AJPH.80.1.76 · DOI
- Ershoff D, 1990, Publc Heakh Rep., 105, 340
- Windsor R, 1988, Pubfic Health Rep., 103, 83
- 10.2105/AJPH.73.10.1204 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90105-6 · DOI
- 10.1016/0091-7435(90)90020-K · DOI · Paper page
- Windsor R. Behavioral Impact and Cost Analyses of Smoking Cessation Methds for Pregnant Women: The Bimingham TnaL Cambridge, Mass: Institute for the Study of Smoldng Behavior and Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University; July 1986:10-11.
- Warner KE, Luce BR. Cost-Benefit Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Health Care: Pfincpls, Practice and PotentiaL AnnArbor, Mich: Health Administration Press; 1982:93-103.
- Russell LB. Evaluating P Care: Report on a Workshop. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution; 1987.
- Hopkins RS, 1990, MMWR, 39, 38
- Fleischer L, Keintz M, Rimer B, etal P1-cess Evaluation of a Minimal-Contact Snmking Cessation Progam in an Urban Nutritional Assistance (WIC) Program: Advances in Cancer ControL New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1990.
- 10.2105/AJPH.80.9.1053 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1001/jama.1989.03420010059033 · doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420010059033 · Paper page
- Oster G, Delea TE, Golditz GA. The Effects of Cigarette Smoking dwiW Pregnancy on the Incidnce ofLow Bb eight and the Costs of Prenatal Care. Cambridge, Mass: Institute for the Study of Smoking Behavior and Policy, Harvard University; 1986.
- Marks JS, Koplan JP, Hogue CJR, Dalmat ME. A cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analysis of smoking cessation for pregnant women. Am JPrev MedL 1990;6:282-289. · DOI
- 10.2105/AJPH.82.3.383 · doi:10.2105/ajph.82.3.383
- U CQ, Windsor RA, Lowe JB, Goldenberg RL. An evaluation of the impact of dissemination of smoking cessation methods on the low birthweight rate and health care costs: achieving the Year 2000 objectives for the nation.AmJPrev Med. 1992; 8:171-177. · DOI
- 10.2105/AJPH.83.2.173 · doi:10.2105/ajph.83.2.173
Cited by
Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy
Lumley, J., Chamberlain, C., Dowswell, T., Oliver, S., Oakley, L., & Watson, L. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001055.pub3 · Cited by 890
Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy
Chamberlain, C., O'Mara-Eves, A., Porter, J., Coleman, T., Perlen, S. M., Thomas, J., & McKenzie, J. E. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001055.pub5 · Cited by 650
Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy
Lumley, J., Oliver, S., Chamberlain, C., & Oakley, L. (2004) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001055.pub2 · Cited by 622
US Preventive Services Task Force, Krist, A. H., Davidson, K. W., Mangione, C. M., Barry, M. J., Cabana, M., Caughey, A. B., Donahue, K., Doubeni, C. A., Epling, J. W., et al. (2021) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.25019 · Cited by 512
Return on investment of public health interventions: a systematic review
Masters, R., Anwar, E., Collins, B., Cookson, R., & Capewell, S. (2017) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2016-208141 · Cited by 480
Metadata
- Authors
- Windsor, R. A., Lowe, J. B., Perkins, L. L., Smith-Yoder, D., Artz, L., Crawford, M., Amburgy, K., & Boyd, N. R.
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 1993-02
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 201-206
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2007006847
- Cited by
- 250
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 5.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Health education for pregnant smokers: its behavioral impact and cost benefit. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2105/ajph.83.2.201
- The paper
- Windsor, R. A., Lowe, J. B., Perkins, L. L., Smith-Yoder, D., Artz, L., Crawford, M., Amburgy, K., & Boyd, N. R. (1993). Health education for pregnant smokers: its behavioral impact and cost benefit. American Journal of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.83.2.201
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
