Cited by 176Homelessness and Social IssuesMental Health Treatment and AccessMigration, Health and Trauma

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Are Rates of Psychiatric Disorders in the Homeless Population Changing?

Open access

North, Carol S., Eyrich, Karin M., Pollio, David E., Spitznagel, Edward L.·2004·American Journal of Public Health

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objectives. We examined the prevalence of psychiatric illness among 3 homeless populations in St. Louis, Mo, in approximately 1980, 1990, and 2000. The 3 studies were conducted with the same systemic research methodology. Methods. We compared selected demographics and lifetime substance abuse and dependence and other mental illness among the 3 populations. Results. Among the homeless populations we studied, the prevalence of mood and substance use disorders dramatically increased, and the number of minorities within these populations has increased. Conclusions. The prevalence of psychiatric illness, including substance abuse and dependence, is not static in the homeless population. Service systems need to be aware of potential prevalence changes and the impact of these changes on service needs.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2105/ajph.94.1.103

Cites

27 of 27 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Revised Prevalence Estimates of Mental Disorders in the United States
Narrow, W. E., Rae, D. S., Robins, L. N., & Regier, D. A. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.2.115 · Cited by 807
The Prevalence of Specific Psychiatric Disorders Among Homeless Individuals in the Inner City of Los Angeles
Koegel, P. (1988) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800360033005 · Cited by 389
Health and Mental Health Problems of Homeless Men and Women in Baltimore
Breakey, W. R. (1989) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03430100086034 · Cited by 358
The Urban Homeless: Estimating Composition and Size
Rossi, P. H., Wright, J. D., Fisher, G. A., & Willis, G. (1987) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2950592 · Cited by 281
Making room: The economics of homelessness
Cambridge, B. B. O. (1998) · The Journal of Socio-Economics · doi:10.1016/s1053-5357(99)80083-3 · Cited by 220
Factors Affecting the Use of Medical, Mental Health, Alcohol, and Drug Treatment Services by Homeless Adults
Padgett, D., Struening, E., & Andrews, H. F. (1990) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199009000-00010 · Cited by 187
Alcoholism Among Homeless Adults in the Inner City of Los Angeles
Koegel, P. (1988) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800350045007 · Cited by 149
The Visible Poor: Homelessness in the United States.
Takahashi, L. M., & Blau, J. (1994) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074856 · Cited by 133
Drug use disorders and treatment contact among homeless adults in Alameda County, California.
Robertson, M., Zlotnick, C., & Westerfelt, A. (1997) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.87.2.221 · Cited by 133
Lifetime and five-year prevalence of homelessness in the United States: New evidence on an old debate.
Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C., Bresnahan, M. A., Stueve, A., Moore, R. E., & Susser, E. (1995) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0079653 · Cited by 130

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 28 references

1 of the 28 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Items 101–176 of 176

Effects of the 2002 Sniper Attacks on the Homeless Population in Washington, DC
Fullerton, C. S., Gifford, R. K., Flynn, B. W., Peterson, K. M., Ahearn, F. L., Donaldson, L. P., & Ursano, R. J. (2009) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1097/dmp.0b013e3181aa2675 · Cited by 11
“Falling through the cracks”: health care needs of the older homeless population and their implications
Watson, D. P., George, C. C., & Walker, C. (2008) · Research in the sociology of health care · doi:10.1016/s0275-4959(08)26009-6 · Cited by 11
A tuberculosis outbreak at an insecure, temporary housing facility, manga café, Tokyo, Japan, 2016–2017
Endo, M., Ota, M., Kayebeta, A., Takahashi, I., & Nagata, Y. (2019) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268819001092 · Cited by 11
Health Status and Access to Care for Homeless Adults with Problem Alcohol and Drug Use
Savage, C. L., & Lindsell, C. J. (2008) · Journal of Addictions Nursing · doi:10.1080/10884600801897106 · Cited by 10
Multimorbidity of mental health and substance use disorders among housed and homeless U.S. veterans
Tsai, J., Szymkowiak, D., & Beydoun, H. A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-99394-x · Cited by 9
A Network Analysis of the Relationship Between Mental and Physical Health in Unsheltered Homeless Persons in Los Angeles County
Barboza-Salerno, G., Kosloski, A. E., Weir, H., Thompson, D., & Bukreyev, A. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221127222 · Cited by 11
The Mental Health of the Older Homeless Population: Provider-Perceived Issues Related to Service Provision
Watson, D. P. (2010) · Journal of Applied Social Science · doi:10.1177/193672441000400104 · Cited by 9
Parenting adults who become homeless: Variations in stress and social support.
Polgar, M., North, C. S., & Pollio, D. E. (2009) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/a0017219 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Systematic content analysis of patient evaluations of START NOW psychotherapy reveals practical strategies for improving the treatment of opioid use disorder
Truong, A. Y.-Q., Saway, B. F., Bouzaher, M. H., Rasheed, M. N., Monjazeb, S., Everest, S. D., Giampalmo, S. L., Hartman, D., Hartman, C., Kablinger, A. S., et al. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-03024-x · Cited by 9
Adult and Child Food Insecurity Among Homeless and Precariously-Housed Families at the Close of the Twentieth Century
Lippert, A. M., & Lee, B. A. (2020) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-020-09577-9 · Cited by 9
A Longitudinal Study of Housing Status and Crime in a Homeless Population
Burton, B., Pollio, D. E., & North, C. S. (2018) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012371803000405 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Santé mentale et itinérance
Poirier, M. (2007) · Nouvelles pratiques sociales · doi:10.7202/016052ar · Cited by 13
A Longitudinal Study of Suicidality in a Homeless Population Sample
Peltier, B., Raitt, J. M., Habazi, D., Roaten, K., Pollio, D. E., & North, C. S. (2021) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2021.1950588 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Voices of the Homeless: An Emic Approach to the Experiences of Health Disparities Faced by People Who Are Homeless
Hsieh, E. (2016) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2015.1137512 · Cited by 8
Perceptions about Homeless Elders and Community Responsibility
Kane, M. N., Green, D., & Jacobs, R. J. (2013) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2013.767582 · Cited by 7
Family support for individual homeless adults
Polgar, M., North, C. S., & Pollio, D. E. (2006) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1179/sdh.2006.15.4.273 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
How Are People Empowered to Help a Homeless Relative?
Polgar, M. (2009) · Human Organization · doi:10.17730/humo.68.4.803h3466711l4q73 · Cited by 7
Findings from a Study of the SSI-SSDI Outreach Access and Recovery (SOAR) InitiativePreprint
Kauff, J. F., Brown, J., Altshuler, N., Denny‐Brown, N., & Martin, E. (2009) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 7
Mental Health Assessment and Risk Characterization in Puerto Rico’s Homeless Post-Hurricane Maria
Vega, A., Carl, Y., Molina-Pérez, X., Collazo-Malave, G., Ortiz-Camacho, K. C., Burgos, B. A. G., Martir-Gonzalez, S., Villalobos, C. A., Burgos, R. F., & Inostroza‐Nieves, Y. (2023) · Journal of Poverty · doi:10.1080/10875549.2023.2235360 · Cited by 7
Families Help Homeless and Disabled Relatives Providing Support is More Stressful with “Double Troubles”
Polgar, M. (2011) · Journal of Applied Social Science · doi:10.1177/193672441100500103 · Cited by 6
A naturalistic longitudinal study of the order of service provision with respect to cocaine use and outcomes in an urban homeless sample
Ayvaci, E. R., Obiri, O., Pollio, D. E., & North, C. S. (2017) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s204579601700018x · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Risk factor assessment of homelessness at psychiatric hospital admission: a machine learning approach
Hamilton, J. E., Suchting, R., Thomas, T., & Buck, D. (2021) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1080/10530789.2021.1892930 · Cited by 7
Performance of the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index in Predicting Mortality Among a National US Sample of Hospitalized Homeless Adults
Tsai, J., & Kim, Y. (2024) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000002019 · Cited by 5
Benefits of a health advocacy intervention intended to improve self-efficacy for self-care in residents of a homeless shelter
Clark, S. M., Reeb, R. N., Born, C. C., & Hurley, K. E. (2024) · Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community · doi:10.1080/10852352.2023.2299895 · Cited by 5
Attributions of Autonomy and Competence of Older and Younger Homeless Mentally Ill
Kane, M. N., Jacobs, R. J., & Hawkins, W. E. (2013) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981389.2012.732205 · Cited by 5
Prevalence of Homeless Older Adults and Factors Causing Their Homelessness: A Review
Ng, S., Rizvi, S., & Kunik, M. E. (2013) · The Internet Journal of Geriatrics and Gerontology · Cited by 5
Financing Cocaine Use in a Homeless Population
North, C. S., & Pollio, D. E. (2017) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs7040074 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Adult antisocial behavior and its relationship to the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder in a longitudinal study of homelessness
Kotamarti, V. S., North, C. S., & Pollio, D. E. (2019) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1080/10530789.2019.1705526 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Deconstructing Childhood Conduct and Adult Antisocial Criteria for the Diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder
North, C. S., Kotamarti, V. S., & Pollio, D. E. (2022) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.12788/acp.0063 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Utilisation des services par les personnes fréquentant les ressources pour personnes itinérantes de Montréal et de Québec, et atteintes de troubles concomitants de santé mentale et de toxicomanie
Bonin, J.-P., Fournier, L., Blais, R., & Perreault, M. (2006) · Drogues santé et société · doi:10.7202/012604ar · Cited by 4
Homeless over 50: The Graying of Chicago's Homeless Population
George, C. C., Krogh, M. C., Watson, D. P., & Wittner, J. G. (2008) · Cited by 4
Homelessness, Mental Health and Law Enforcement
Ebert, A. (2005) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1375/pplt.2005.12.1.152 · Cited by 4
Health and social aspects of homelessness
Dvořáčková, D., Belešová, R., Kajanová, A., & Bergougui, B. (2016) · Kontakt · doi:10.1016/j.kontakt.2016.08.004 · Cited by 3
Homelessness and Behavioral Health in the New Century
McQuistion, H. L. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3149-7_33 · Cited by 3
Stigmatization and Victimization of People Experiencing Homelessness: Psychological Functioning, Social Functioning, and Social Distance as Predictors of Reporting Violence to the Police
Lehmann, R., Hausam, J., & Lösel, F. A. (2022) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paac033 · Cited by 3
La criminalisation des itinérants au Canada
Bergheul, S., Lévesque, L., & Pakzad, S. (2013) · La Revue de Médecine Légale · doi:10.1016/j.medleg.2012.09.001 · Cited by 3
Mental health in Australia: The ideal versus financial reality and the role of the mental health nurse
Hayman‐White, K., Sgrò, S., & Happell, B. (2006) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.5172/jamh.5.1.41 · Cited by 3
International Perspective on Homelessness
Bandstra, B. S., Mascola, A. J., & Reicherter, D. (2013) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/9789814405614_0033 · Cited by 3
Gaps in knowledge about personality disorders in homeless populations (commentary for article by Whitbeck, Armenta, and Welch-Lazoritz, “Borderline personality disorder and Axis I psychiatric and substance use disorders among women experiencing homelessness in three US cities”)
North, C. S. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1066-6 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Données épidémiologiques psychiatriques concernant les sans domicile
Richer, S., & Meryglod, N. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-70450-5.50028-0 · Cited by 5
Treating Homeless People With Psychiatric Disorders
Casavola, V., Giampieri, E., Paggi, E., Scialò, C., Possenti, C., Stefano, B., Lorusso, O., di Giacomo, E., & Clerici, M. (2023) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001709 · Cited by 2
ESTUDO COMPARATIVO ENTRE UMA POPULAÇÃO TOXICODEPENDENTE SEM-ABRIGO E UMA POPULAÇÃO TOXICODEPENDENTE DOMICILIADA:
Godinho, R. (2007) · Cited by 2
Bayesian Sensitivity Analysis for Non-ignorable Missing Data in Longitudinal Studies
Li, T., Somers, J. M., Hu, X. J., & McCandless, L. C. (2019) · Statistics in Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12561-019-09234-6 · Cited by 2
A prospective longitudinal study of child custody status among homeless population mothers
North, C. S., Williams, E., Lee, M. H., & Pollio, D. E. (2021) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1080/10530789.2021.2002633 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
A phenomenological inquiry of chronic homeless individuals' challenges to independence
Hall, D. (2010) · ScholarWorks (Walden University) · Cited by 2
Utilization of community-based transitional housing by homeless veteran populations diagnosed with a mental illness: The association between predisposing, enabling, and need factors with program outcomes
Casey, R. J. (2007) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 2
Guest Editorial: Interventions for Homeless Individuals With Co-Occurring Mental Health and Addictive Disorders
Broner, N., Dates, B. G., & Young, M. S. (2009) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504260903359023 · Cited by 2
The Complex Needs Patient
Kamath, S., & Kamath, V. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108976770.028 · Cited by 1
The Homeless Outreach Behavioral Screen (HOBS): A Brief Scale for Identifying Need for Mental Health Evaluation Among Unsheltered Populations
Lee, B. D., Davis, L., Bailliard, A., Gori, Y., Gertsch, W., Comulada, W. S., Cuddeback, G. S., Resnick, J., Bennett, J., Jackson, L. T., et al. (2025) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-025-01520-6 · Cited by 1
Health and Economic Impacts of Stable Housing Provision for Older Adults
Gande, V., Goldhaber‐Fiebert, J. D., & Brandeau, M. L. (2026) · JAMA Health Forum · doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2026.0624 · Cited by 1
Le rôle des familles de personnes en situation d’itinérance et souffrant de troubles mentaux : un regard rétrospectif et prospectif des liens
Bonin, J., Lacasse‐Bédard, J., Latimer, E. A., Denis, V., Larue, C., Pelletier, J., & Goering, P. N. (2013) · Santé mentale au Québec · doi:10.7202/1019190ar · Cited by 1
Substance Abuse, Marginalization, and Homelessness: Bayesian Perspectives on a Persisting Problem
Alexander-Eitzman, B. (2009) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k7r49nxt · Cited by 1
Multicultural Competence and Other Considerations
Seger, E. W., McMichael, A. J., Feldman, S. R., & Huang, W. W.-T. (2021) · Updates in clinical dermatology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64830-5_13 · Cited by 1
Why Persons with Serious Mental Illness End Up Homeless
McGuire, M. H., Bell, S., Wilson, M., & Llorente, M. D. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70135-2_10 · Cited by 1
The Homeless
Pollio, D. E., Eyrich‐Garg, K. M., & North, C. S. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0338-9_74 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Psychiatric Care for People Experiencing Homelessness
Carino, T., & McQuistion, H. L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10239-4_42 · Cited by 1
Rural Homelessness: The Hidden Crisis
Simanjuntak, N., Silalahi, F., & Tampubolon, M. (2023) · Journal of Social and Political Sciences · doi:10.31014/aior.1991.06.04.460 · Cited by 1
Specialist interventions for homeless people with severe mental illness
Essali, A., Tarboush, M., & Awad, M. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010170 · Cited by 2
Stress and Support Among People Caring for Homeless Adult Relatives
Polgar, M., North, C. S., & Pollio, D. E. (2014) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1530-35352014000008b016 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Supported housing programs for the homeless mentally ill
Brown, J., & Herbert, J. D. (2004) · doi:10.17918/etd-436 · Cited by 1
Patterns of Consumer Usage of Homeless Outreach Services
Carr, W. A., Glenwich, D. S., & Kim, S. (2009) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1179/105307809805365181
CharacteristicsandServiceUseofHomeless VeteransandNonveteransResidingin aLow-DemandEmergencyShelter
Petrovich, J. C., & Pollio, E. (2014)
Predictors of treatment retention among homeless men with substance use disorders
Drymalski, W. M. (2010) · e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University)
The Fallacy of Psychiatric Research
Hengartner, M. P., & von Wyl, A. (2014)
Trauma, Mental Health, and Substance Use Among Homeless Families: The Importance of Shelter Environment
Beharie, N. (2015) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Healthcare Use Self-Efficacy in Adults Who Are Homeless
Israel, J. I. (2017) · IRL - University of Missouri, St. Louis (University of Missouri–St. Louis)
Longitudinal cost of services in a homeless sample with cocaine use disorder
Ayvaci, E. R., Pollio, D. E., Hong, B. A., & North, C. S. (2019) · Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless · doi:10.1080/10530789.2019.1598618
Self-citation
People Who Are Homeless
Moore, E. M., Cheng, T. H., Ijadi‐Maghsoodi, R., & Gelberg, L. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190914653.003.0010
Homelessness
Shaw, S., & Choi, N. G. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28487-9_9
Homelessness and HIV Transmission
Livingstone, K., Herman, D. B., Adler, N. E., & Susser, E. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0030
Non-Inferiority Clinical Trial of Adapted START NOW Psychotherapy for Office-Based Opioid TreatmentPreprint
Truong, A. Y.-Q., Kablinger, A. S., Hartman, C. W., Hartman, D., West, J. L., Hanlon, A., Lozano, A. J., McNamara, R. S., Seidel, R. W., & Trestman, R. L. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4201842
Noninferiority Clinical Trial of Adapted START NOW Psychotherapy for Outpatient Opioid TreatmentPreprint
Truong, A. Y.-Q., Kablinger, A. S., Hartman, C. W., Hartman, D., West, J., Hanlon, A., Lozano, A. J., McNamara, R., Seidel, R. W., & Trestman, R. L. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3229052/v1
The Benefits of the Everyone In Initiative and the Deeper-Rooted Problems It Revealed for Migrants Experiencing Homelessness
Piazza, R., & Stewart, S. (2023) · International Journal on Homelessness · doi:10.5206/ijoh.2023.3.15106
FORMAL EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ON THE PATH TO (AND OUT OF) HOMELESSNESS IN BRAZIL
Bellon, L. L. (2025) · doi:10.17771/pucrio.acad.71922
THE CONTRIBUTION OF QUALITATIVE METHODS TO UNDERSTANDING A COMPLEX HOUSING INTERVENTION FOR ADULTS EXPERIENCING HOMELESSNESS AND MENTAL ILLNESS
Markey, M. A. (2010) · Summit (Simon Fraser University)
A 20-Year Longitudinal Study of Homelessness Among 333 Psychiatric Patients in Portugal: From Initial Episodes to Chronic Trajectories
Henriques‐Calado, J., Garcia, N., & Marques, J. G. (2026) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640261468246

Authors: North, C. S., Eyrich, K. M., Pollio, D. E., & Spitznagel, E. L.
Affiliations: Washington University in St. Louis (US)
ORCID: North, Carol S.
Pollio, David E.
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 2004-01
Volume: 94
Issue: 1
Pages: 103-108
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.94.1.103
PMC: PMC1449834
OpenAlex: W2167616250
Cited by: 176
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 18.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01-DA10713, R01DA010713)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homelessness and Social Issues
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Keywords: homelessness, mental illness, prevalence trends, substance abuse, substance dependence, mood disorders, minority groups, St. Louis
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Mental Disorders, Demography, Female, Ill-Housed Persons, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Missouri, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Sampling Studies, Software, Prevalence, Age of Onset, Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry), Substance-Related Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Are Rates of Psychiatric Disorders in the Homeless Population Changing?

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks