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The Oceans; A Possible Source of Iron in Iron-Formations
Abstract
Recent work on one of the major banded iron-formations of the world--that of the Hamersley Basin of Australia--has defined the total amount of iron and the probable time interval of accumulation of the large iron ore deposits in the basin. The inferred rate of influx of iron into the basin is so large that a derivation of the iron from weathering and transport into the basin by rivers is unlikely. For the same reason derivation of the iron from volcanic sources is also unlikely. Derivation of the iron from the ocean floor is quantitatively possible if deep ocean water containing a few mg/1 of dissolved iron welled up, was oxidized in near surface environments, and deposited its iron in the basin. Iron concentrations of a few mg/1 in deep ocean water are quite reasonable if these water masses were saturated with respect to siderite and calcite.
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“Traditionally, iron oxides in IF are interpreted to have formed from an initial Fe(III)-oxyhydroxide phase, e.g., ferrihydrite, Fe(OH)3, which precipitated in the photic zone from seawater via the oxidation of dissolved ferrous iron, Fe(II), at concentrations that may have ranged from 0.03 to 0.5 mM; Holland, 1973; Morris, 1993).”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Holland, 1973
In the citing paper
“Holland (1973) had previously suggested that the iron was instead sourced from deep-marine, hydrothermally influenced waters and supplied to the depositional settings via upwelling processes.”
From Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history (2017) · cites this paper as Holland, 1973
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Metadata
- Authors
- Holland, H. D.
- Corresponding author
- Holland, Heinrich D.
- Venue
- Economic Geology
- Publisher
- Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
- Published
- 1973-11-01
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1169-1172
- ISSN
- 0361-0128 (ISSN-L)
- 1554-0774
- OpenAlex
- W2132760947
- Cited by
- 365
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 6.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Economic Geology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Earth-Surface Processes › Geological formations and processes
- Keywords
- banded iron formations, Hamersley Basin, iron sources, deep-sea water, dissolved iron, iron oxidation, siderite, calcite saturation, iron ore deposits, Precambrian
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