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Wastewater Irrigation: The State of Play

Hamilton, Andrew J., Stagnitti, Frank, Xiong, Xianzhe, Kreidl, Simone L., Benke, Kurt K., Maher, Peta·2007·Vadose Zone Journal
DOI 10.2136/vzj2007.0026
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Abstract

As demand for fresh water intensifies, wastewater is frequently being seen as a valuable resource. Furthermore, wise reuse of wastewater alleviates concerns attendant with its discharge to the environment. Globally, around 20 million ha of land are irrigated with wastewater, and this is likely to increase markedly during the next few decades as water stress intensifies. In 1995, around 2.3 billion people lived in water‐stressed river basins and this could increase to 3.5 billion by 2025. We review the current status of wastewater irrigation by providing an overview of the extent of the practice throughout the world and through synthesizing the current understanding of factors influencing sustainable wastewater irrigation. A theme that emerges is that wastewater irrigation is not only more common in water‐stressed regions such as the Near East, but the rationale for the practice also tends to differ between the developing and developed worlds. In developing nations, the prime drivers are livelihood dependence and food security, whereas environmental agendas appear to hold greater sway in the developed world. The following were identified as areas requiring greater understanding for the long‐term sustainability of wastewater irrigation: (i) accumulation of bioavailable forms of heavy metals in soils, (ii) environmental fate of organics in wastewater‐irrigated soils, (iii) influence of reuse schemes on catchment hydrology, including transport of salt loads, (iv) risk models for helminth infections (pertinent to developing nations), (v) microbiological contamination risks for aquifers and surface waters, (vi) transfer efficiencies of chemical contaminants from soil to plants, (vii) health effects of chronic exposure to chemical contaminants, and (viii) strategies for engaging the public.

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  • Cr sorbs strongly to soil at neutral pH, making it less accessible for plant uptake.

    “According to Hamilton et al. (2007), Cr sorbs strongly to the soil at neutral pH, making it less accessible for plant uptake.”

    From Assessment of heavy metals accumulation by vegetables irrigated with different stages of textile wastewater for evaluation of food and health risk (2024) · cites this paper as Hamilton et al. (2007)

    The Heavy Metals and other Inorganic Contaminants section says most metals sorb strongly to organic matter and clay, and reports that strongly sorbed copper had relatively low concentrations in plant tissue. It does not establish that chromium sorbs strongly in soil at neutral pH or that this reduces chromium uptake by plants (page unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Hamilton et al. (2007) found that Cd2+ is very soluble in soil solution, allowing it to compete with divalent elements Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+ while being conveyed through crop cation transporters' membrane and active affinity.

    “Hamilton et al. (2007) found that Cd 2+ is very soluble in soil solution, allowing it to compete with divalent elements Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Fe 2+ while being conveyed through crop cation transporters' membrane and active affinity.”

    From Assessment of heavy metals accumulation by vegetables irrigated with different stages of textile wastewater for evaluation of food and health risk (2024) · cites this paper as Hamilton et al. (2007)

    The passage labeled “Possible location for Figure 1” (page unavailable) says cadmium is more available to plants than most other metals and can occur in harvestable crop portions. It does not say Cd²⁺ is very soluble in soil solution or describe competition with Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Fe²⁺ at crop cation transporters. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Metadata

Authors
Hamilton, A. J., Stagnitti, F., Xiong, X., Kreidl, S. L., Benke, K. K., & Maher, P.
Affiliations
  • School of Resource Management Faculty of Land and Food Resources Univ. of Melbourne 500 Yarra Blvd. Richmond Victoria 3121 Australia
  • School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin Univ. P.O. Box 423 Warrnambool Victoria 3280 Australia
  • Dep. of Primary Industries, Private Bag 15, Ferntree Gully Delivery Centre Lysterfield South Victoria 3156 Australia
  • Primary Industries Research Victoria–Parkville Centre Dep. of Primary Industries P.O. Box 4166 Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
Venue
Vadose Zone Journal
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2007-11
Volume
6
Issue
4
Pages
823-840
ISSN
1539-1663
DOI
10.2136/vzj2007.0026
Cited by
281
References
2
Language
en
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Funders
Australian Research Council (0455383)

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