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Cited by 88Heavy metals in environmentHeavy Metals in PlantsWastewater Treatment and Reuse

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 87 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 17 of the 50 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Assessment of heavy metals accumulation by vegetables irrigated with different stages of textile wastewater for evaluation of food and health risk

Open access
Hassan, Jahidul, Rajib, Md. Mijanur Rahman, Khan, Md. Noor-E-Azam, Khandaker, Shahjalal, Zubayer, Md., Ashab, Kazi Raghib, Kuba, Takahiro, Marwani, Hadi M., Asiri, Abdullah M., Hasan, Md. Munjur, Islam, Aminul, Rahman, Mohammed M., Awual, Md. Rabiul·2024·Journal of Environmental Management
DOI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120206
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Abstract

Wastewater irrigation for vegetable cultivation is greatly concerned about the presence of toxic metals in irrigated soil and vegetables which causes possible threats to human health. This study aimed to ascertain the accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in edible parts of vegetables irrigated with different stages of textile dyeing wastewater (TDW). Bio-concentration factor (BCF), Estimated daily intake (EDI), and target hazard quotient (THQ) were computed to estimate human health risks and speculate the hazard index (HI) of adults and children with the consumption of HMs contaminated vegetables at recommended doses. Five vegetables (red amaranth, Indian spinach, cauliflower, tomato, and radish) in a pot experiment were irrigated with groundwater (T1) and seven stages of TDW (T2∼T8) following a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Among the TDW stages, T8, T7, T4, and T5 exhibited elevated BCF, EDI, THQ, and HI due to a rising trend in the accumulation of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni heavy metals in the edible portion of the red amaranth, followed by radish, Indian spinach, cauliflower, and tomato. The general patterns of heavy metal (HM) accumulation, regarded as vital nutrients for plants, were detected in the following sequence: Zn > Mn/Cu > Fe. Conversely, toxic metals were found to be Cd/Cr > Ni > Pb, regardless of the type of vegetables. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified T8, T7, and T4 of TDW as the primary contributors to the accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetables examined. Furthermore, the analysis of the heavy metals revealed that the BCF, THQ, and HI values for all studied metals were below 1, except for Pb. This suggests that the present consumption rates of different leafy and non-leafy vegetables, whether consumed individually or together, provide a low risk in terms of heavy metal exposure. Nevertheless, the consumption of T8, T7, and T4 irrigated vegetables, specifically Indian spinach alone or in combination with red amaranth and radish, by both adults and children, at the recommended rate, was found to pose potential health risks. On the other hand, T2, T3, and T6 irrigated vegetables were deemed safe for consumption. These findings indicated that the practice of irrigating the vegetables with T8, T7, and T4 stages of TDW has resulted in a significant buildup of heavy metals in the soils and edible parts of vegetables which are posing health risks to adults and children. Hence, it is imperative to discharge the T8, T7, and T4 stages of TDW after ETP to prevent the contamination of vegetables and mitigate potential health risks.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This pot study assessed heavy metal accumulation in five vegetables irrigated with groundwater and seven stages of textile dyeing wastewater (TDW), using BCF, EDI, THQ, and HI. It found T8, T7, T4, and T5 were the main risk contributors, with Indian spinach, radish, and red amaranth showing higher accumulation and potential health risks at recommended consumption rates.

Key findings

  • Among TDW stages, T8, T7, T4, and T5 showed elevated BCF, EDI, THQ, and HI due to rising Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni in edible parts; the abstract reports red amaranth followed by radish, Indian spinach, cauliflower, and tomato. PCA identified T8, T7, and T4 as primary contributors to heavy metal accumulation.
  • EDI ranges (μg/day/person) were Zn 712–14,336; Mn 356–8,064; Cu 506–3,808; Fe 4.90–71.91; Cd 0–20.47; Cr 0–21.27; Ni 0–8.19; Pb 0–7.65. THQ values were <1, and HI ranges were Indian spinach 0.529–0.709, radish 0.094–0.201, red amaranth 0.079–0.134, cauliflower 0.070–0.083, and tomato 0.023–0.055.
  • Accumulation patterns were Zn > Mn/Cu > Fe for essential metals and Cd/Cr > Ni > Pb for toxic metals, regardless of vegetable type. BCF ranges were Zn 0.171–0.408, Cu 0.118–0.348, Mn 0.021–0.179, Fe 0.015–0.067, Pb 0.004–0.375, Cd 0.005–0.029, Cr 0.000–0.028, and Ni 0.001–0.027.
  • At current consumption rates, risk was low; at recommended rates, Indian spinach alone (NL4) exceeded the safe limit (HI > 1.01) for adults and children under all TDW stages including groundwater. T8, T7, and T4 posed greater risk, especially with leafy plus non-leafy combinations, while T2, T3, and T6 were deemed safe for irrigation without ETP.

Methods

  • Pot experiment at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh: five vegetables (red amaranth, Indian spinach, cauliflower, tomato, radish) grown in 72 pots with 10 kg soil, randomized complete block design with three replications, irrigated with groundwater (T1) and seven TDW stages (T2–T8); no pesticides or fertilizers were used, and crops were harvested at optimal maturity.
  • Water, soil, and edible plant samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry; QA/QC used NIST standard reference materials with triplicate analysis and results within 2% of certified values.
  • BCF, EDI, THQ, and HI were computed; statistical analysis included two-way ANOVA at 1% significance, Tukey HSD, correlation matrix, cluster analysis, and PCA using R version 4.1.2.

Limitations

  • The paper states the study was based on only some representative vegetable consumption and that future work should include other food sources (cereal, pulse, fruit, animal, etc.) from diversified contaminated sources.
  • The paper notes that US EPA IRIS lacked cancer slope factor information for toxic metals, so the study assumed standard doses for lifetime risk assessment.
  • Evident from the text: the experiment was a pot study under a net house at one site using wastewater from one textile factory, which may not represent field conditions, other soils, or other wastewater sources.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120206

Cites

87 of 87 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

17 of 50 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingcitation

    All metals studied had THQ values below 1, indicating a safe limit.

    “all metals studied had THQ values below 1 indicating a safe limit”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Naughton and Petroczi, 2008 source

      The Results and discussion section says that THQ values for vanadium and copper alone were greater than 1 in the majority of cases, causing concern. It also reports vanadium-based THQ values well above 1 for selected Portuguese and Czech wines. The paper therefore contradicts the claim that all metals studied had THQ values below the safe threshold. (LLM, conf=0.95)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Textile wastewater contains heavy metals that might get transferred from cultivated plants to the human body through the food chain if consumed.

    “Although, it has some positive effect on the growth and yield of the plants due to possessing some necessary micro and macronutrients of plants but also contains some heavy metals that might get transferred from the cultivated plants to the human body through the food chain if those are consumed”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Hassan et al., 2022 source
    • cites Faysal et al., 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Islam et al., 2021 source

      The available passage (Abstract; page not provided) discusses arsenic-contaminated groundwater and its removal using carbon adsorbents. Searches for textile wastewater, crop uptake, and transfer of metals through the food chain returned no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Previous studies on textile wastewater effects focused on analyzing final discharged effluents as the research material.

    “These studies specifically focused on analyzing the final discharged effluents as the research material”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Rahman et al., 2020 source
    • cites Rahman et al., 2022 source

      The Introduction discusses treating leather and textile industrial wastewater collected in Savar, Bangladesh, but does not say that previous studies analyzed final discharged effluents. Searches for final discharge, effluent sampling, and previous studies found no passage establishing that distinction. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Rai et al., 2019 source

      Section 2 discusses wastewater used for crop irrigation and mentions sludge from textile industries, but does not describe what material previous textile-wastewater studies analyzed. Searches for textile wastewater and final discharged effluents found no passage addressing the studies’ research material; the copy does not establish the claimed focus. (LLM, conf=0.74)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Leafy vegetables are vulnerable to soil dust and splashed water because of their rapid translocation, transpiration, and growth.

    “Leafy vegetables are vulnerable to soil dust and splashed water because of their rapid translocation, transpiration, and growth (Muchuweti et al., 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Muchuweti et al., 2006 source

      Section 3.1 reports that tsunga, a leafy vegetable, readily bioaccumulated heavy metals, and section 2.2 says crops were washed to remove surface deposits. Neither passage identifies soil dust or splashed water as the source of contamination, or attributes vulnerability to rapid translocation, transpiration, or growth. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Cr sorbs strongly to soil at neutral pH, making it less accessible for plant uptake.

    “According to Hamilton et al. (2007), Cr sorbs strongly to the soil at neutral pH, making it less accessible for plant uptake.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hamilton et al. (2007) source

      The Heavy Metals and other Inorganic Contaminants section says most metals sorb strongly to organic matter and clay, and reports that strongly sorbed copper had relatively low concentrations in plant tissue. It does not establish that chromium sorbs strongly in soil at neutral pH or that this reduces chromium uptake by plants (page unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 20
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 81
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Different orders of trace element concentration and accumulation patterns may vary from vegetable to vegetable and among different edible parts.

    “Different orders of TEs concentration and accumulation patterns also may vary from vegetable to vegetable and even among different edible parts (root, stem, leaf) of vegetables”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Letshwenyo and Mokokwe, 2020 source
    • cites Islam et al., 2021 source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

    • cites Kabir et al., 2021 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Excessive consumption of heavy metal-contaminated vegetables may cause carcinogenic, mutagenic, neurotoxic, and teratogenic effects and serious health risks.

    “Previous studies found that excessive consumption of heavy metalcontaminated vegetables may cause carcinogenic, mutagenic, neurotoxic, and teratogenic effects on human health, leading to serious health risks like Alzheimer's in adults, intellectual disability in children, DNS (deviated nasal septum), insomnia, kidney, and liver diseases, and more”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Emamverdian et al., 2015 source

      The Introduction (page not specified) says heavy metals can taint food chains and have mutagenic effects on humans. The Conclusion (page not specified) calls heavy-metal contamination a serious threat to food safety and human health. The paper does not substantiate the claim's specific route of excessive consumption of contaminated vegetables, its carcinogenic, neurotoxic or teratogenic effects, or the listed illnesses. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Jan et al., 2011 source
    • cites Khatri et al., 2018 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisereasoning

    Untreated textile wastewater is discharged into surrounding areas and utilized for crop cultivation by local farmers with easy access to irrigation without cost.

    “The untreated wastewater is discharged into the surrounding areas and utilized for crop cultivation by the local farmers with easy access to irrigation without any cost.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Khan et al., 2011 source

      The Introduction (p. 2) discusses applying textile wastewater to agricultural fields, and the Conclusion (p. 5) suggests effluent may be used for irrigation. Neither passage says untreated wastewater is discharged into surrounding areas or that local farmers use it for free; the Conclusion instead says treatment is necessary before discharge onto land. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Hassan et al., 2022 source

      The Introduction reports that untreated wastewater is used for agricultural irrigation and that many textile dyeing industries in Bangladesh operate without effluent treatment plants. It does not establish that the wastewater is discharged into surrounding areas or that local farmers can access it easily and free of charge. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Kubra et al., 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    HI < 1 has no evident health consequence; HI > 1.0 suggests a health risk; HI > 10 causes significant chronic health problems.

    “Here, HI < 1 has no evident health consequence.HI > 1.0 suggests a health risk.HI > 10 causes significant chronic health problems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Alsafran et al., 2021 source

      Section 2.5.2 (Hazard Index) says HI < 1 has no apparent health impact and HI > 1 indicates the possibility of an adverse effect. It says HI > 10 has been linked to severe chronic health impacts, but does not say that it causes them; the claim overstates that relationship. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Maurya et al., 2023 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    Although Singh et al. (2012) revealed no specific absorption mechanism for Cr, it is possible that the decreased accumulation of Cr, Ni, and Pb in crops' edible sections is attributable to their toxicity.

    “Although Singh et al. (2012) revealed no specific absorption mechanism for Cr, it is possible that the decreased accumulation of Cr, Ni, and Pb in crops' edible sections is attributable to their toxicity”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Singh et al. (2012) source
    • cites Affum et al., 2020 source

      The Discussion (page unavailable) reports Singh et al. (2012) as saying vegetable crops have no specific uptake mechanism for Cr. The Results section on metal accumulation (page unavailable) suggests the low bioconcentration factors for Cr and Ni may be due to their toxicity, but the paper does not include Pb in that finding. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Leafy vegetables, excluding cauliflower, have higher Fe accumulation than other edible parts of non-leafy vegetables, making the leaf a crucial Fe sink.

    “Leafy vegetables, excluding cauliflower, have higher Fe accumulation than other edible parts of non-leafy vegetables, making the leaf a crucial Fe sink (Connorton et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Connorton et al., 2017 source

      The “Iron distribution and storage” section calls leaves an important iron sink, supporting that part of the claim. It does not compare iron accumulation in leafy vegetables with other edible plant parts or mention a cauliflower exception. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Textile dyeing wastewater (TDW) is a source of plant essential nutrients as well as heavy metals, which is a concerning issue for soil and public health.

    “Textile dyeing wastewater (TDW) was revealed as the source of plant essential nutrients as well as heavy metals which are a concerning issue for the soil and public health”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Hassan et al., 2020 source
    • cites Hassan et al., 2022 source
    • cites El-Sewify et al., 2018 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    BCF values of 1-10 indicate hyperaccumulator, >0.1 to 1 moderate accumulator, 0.01 to 0.1 low accumulator, and <0.01 no accumulator plant.

    “BCF values of 1-10 indicate hyperaccumulator, BCF>0.1 to 1 indicates moderate accumulator, BCF 0.01 to 0.1 indicates low accumulator and BCF <0.01 indicates no accumulator plant (Netty et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Netty et al., 2013 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Hamilton et al. (2007) found that Cd2+ is very soluble in soil solution, allowing it to compete with divalent elements Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+ while being conveyed through crop cation transporters' membrane and active affinity.

    “Hamilton et al. (2007) found that Cd 2+ is very soluble in soil solution, allowing it to compete with divalent elements Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Fe 2+ while being conveyed through crop cation transporters' membrane and active affinity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hamilton et al. (2007) source

      The passage labeled “Possible location for Figure 1” (page unavailable) says cadmium is more available to plants than most other metals and can occur in harvestable crop portions. It does not say Cd²⁺ is very soluble in soil solution or describe competition with Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Fe²⁺ at crop cation transporters. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Based on BCF findings, among studied TDW irrigation sources, significant metal uptake was noticed in T8, T4, T7, and T5, considered a major contributing factor for higher accumulation of heavy metals in soil and cultivated vegetables.

    “Based on our BCF findings, among the studied irrigation sources of TDW, a significant amount of metal uptake was noticed in T8, T4, T7, and T5 considered as a major contributing factor for higher accumulation of heavy metals in the soil and cultivated vegetables.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    On PC2, higher positive scores were for Cd (80.87%) and Pb (64.1%), and negative scores for Ni (-67.09%).

    “PC2 (Dim2) exhibited higher positive scores for Cd (80.87 %), Pb (64.1 %), and negative scores for Ni (-67.09%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Mn, Zn, and Cu were strongly positively correlated with each other (98%), while Cu with Cd (85%), Cd with Cr (82%), Pb (38%), and Pb with Ni (68%) were correlated.

    “Mn, Zn, and Cu were strongly positively correlated with each other (98 %), while other metals were correlated as Cu with Cd (85 %), Cd with Cr (82 %), and Pb (38 %), and Pb with Ni (68 %).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Estimated EDI (μg/day/person) of heavy metals in vegetables ranged 712-14336 for Zn, 356-8064 for Mn, 506-3808 for Cu, 4.90-71.91 for Fe, 0-20.47 for Cd, 0-21.27 for Cr, 0-8.19 for Ni, and 0-7.65 for Pb.

    “The estimated EDI (μg/day/person) of the HMs accumulated in the vegetables were ranged at 712-14336, 356-8064, 506-3808, 4.90-71.91,0-20.47,0-21.27,0-8.19, 0-7.65 for Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb respectively”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Among TDW irrigation waters, EDI was highest in T8, followed by T7, T4, and T5, while the lowest EDI was in the order T3 > T2/T6 > T1.

    “the EDI was found to be highest in the T8 treatment, followed by T7, T4 and T5 while the lowest EDI was seen in the order of T3>T2/T6>T1.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Tomato and cauliflower were negatively scored and positioned on opposite sides closer to the circle of correlations than other vegetables.

    “tomato and cauliflower were negatively scored and positioned on opposite sides closer to the circle of correlations than that of the other vegetables”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Among vegetable combinations, NL3 (radish and red amaranth) to some extent with NL2 and NL1, while Indian spinach alone (NL4) exhibited a higher contribution to HI for adults and children.

    “among the vegetable combinations, NL3 (radish and red amaranth) to some extent in coordination with NL2, NL1 while Indian spinach alone (NL4) exhibited a higher contribution to the HI for adults and children”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    The accumulation of heavy metals in root vegetables exhibited an increasing tendency compared to leafy vegetables, following the order radish < tomato < cauliflower < red amaranth < Indian spinach.

    “The accumulation of heavy metals in the root vegetables exhibited an increasing tendency compared to the leafy vegetables, following the order of radish < tomato < cauliflower < red amaranth < Indian spinach.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    BCF of Pb was higher in radish, red amaranth, and Indian spinach, while Fe was higher in tomato and cauliflower.

    “While BCF of Pb was higher in radish, red amaranth, and Indian spinach and Fe was in tomato and cauliflower.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The EDI, THQ, and HI of uptake metals followed almost a similar pattern as BCF of Zn > Mn/Cu > Fe, but changed in the order Cd/Cr > Ni > Pb, where Pb stands for the lowest health risk in TDW-irrigated vegetables.

    “The EDI, THQ, and HI of the uptake metals species followed almost a similar pattern as that of the BCF of Zn > Mn/Cu > Fe but there was a little bit changed observed in the order of Cd/Cr > Ni > Pb where Pb stands for the lowest health risk in TDW irrigated vegetables.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The trend of THQ and HI for higher metal accumulation was T8 > T7/T4 > T5, while T3 > T2/T6 > T1 was lower in different vegetables.

    “the trend of THQ and HI in respect of higher accumulation of metals was observed in the order of T8>T7/T4>T5, while T3>T2/T6>T1 was detected as lower in different vegetables”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    All these metals were negatively correlated with Fe, with Cd and Cr showing highly negative relations with Fe (-60% and -51%, respectively).

    “all of these were negatively correlated with Fe, where more specifically Cd and Cr were shown a highly negative relation with Fe (-60 % and -51 % accordingly).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Cluster dendrogram revealed that T8, T7, and T4 showed a propensity for greater BCF with these three vegetables, with red amaranth revealing the most significant effect.

    “Cluster dendrogram revealed that mixed effluent (T8), fixing treatment water (T7), and second wash after bath drain (T4) showed a propensity for greater BCF with these three veggies, with red amaranth revealing the most significant effect”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The correlation matrix indicated that Zn positively correlated with Fe, Cu, and Mn; Cd with Pb and Cr were positive; Cd with Ni was negative; and Pb with Cr and Ni was positive.

    “The correlation matrix indicated that metals especially Zn positively correlated with Fe, Cu, and Mn, while Cd with Pb and Cr were positive and Cd with Ni was negative but Pb with Cr, Ni was positive.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    In PCA for health risk, two PCs explained 100% of pattern variation, with PC1 explaining 98.3% and PC2 explaining 1.7%.

    “Two PCs explained 100 % of the pattern variation where 98.3 % being explained by PC1 and 1.7 % by PC2.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    BZn was positively related with TFe, TMn, Zn, and TCu; BCD was related to TCr, TPb, TNi, and TCd; and BPb was related to TPb, TCr, TCd, and TNi.

    “Heavy metal BZn was positively related in chronological order with TFe, TMn, Zn, and TCu, while BCD was related to TCr, TPb, TNi, TCd, and BPb was related to TPb, TCr, TCd, and TNi.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The correlation matrix of THQ values ranged from negative to positive, with a preponderance of positive values, implying most toxic metals were positively correlated.

    “The values range from negative to positive, with a preponderance of positive values, implying that most toxic metals were positively correlated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Positively correlated variables Ni, Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, and Mn were grouped on the factor map, whereas the negative loading variable Fe was positioned on opposite sides of the plot origin.

    “positively correlated variables of the toxic metals of Ni, Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, and Mn were grouped on the factor map, whereas the negative loading variable (Fe) was positioned on opposite sides of the plot origin”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    The EDI of Zn (712-14,336), Cd (0-20.47), Ni (0-8.19), and Pb (0-7.65 μg/day/person) were lower than the recommended limit.

    “The EDI of Zn (712-14,336), Cd (0-20.47),Ni (0-8.19), and Pb (0-7.65 μg/day/ person) were lower than the recommended limit”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites WHO, 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, 2001

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Kumar et al., 2020a,b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Mixed effluent (T8) contributed the highest towards HI, followed by fixing treatment (T7) and 2nd wash after bath drain (T4), compared to other irrigations.

    “mixed effluent (T8) contributed the highest towards HI followed by fixing treatment (T7) and 2nd wash after bath drain (T4) as compared to the other irrigations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Most of the collected heavy metals have positive correlations with one another, except Cd and Ni, which have a correlation of -41%.

    “The current observation reveals that most of the collected heavy metals have positive correlations with one another, except for Cd and Ni, which have a correlation that is -41 % in the other direction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Among TDW irrigation stages, T8 > T4 > T7 > T5 contributed higher to PC1 and PC2 and were positioned distinctly from others.

    “T8>T4>T7>T5 contributed higher with respect to the PC1 and PC2 which were positioned in distinct than others.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    In PCA of BCF and THQ, the first two PCs explained 60.4% of total variation, with PC1 explaining 33.9% and PC2 explaining 26.5%.

    “the first two PCs were enough to explain 60.4 % of the total variations of the dependent variables where 33.9 % being explained by PC1 and 26.5 % by PC2”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Strong positive correlations were detected between Cd-Pb (79%), Pb-Cr (64%), Cr-Ni (50%), and Cd-Cr (48%).

    “Among the estimated heavy metals, a strong positive correlation between plant toxic compounds of Cd-Pb (79 %), Pb-Cr (64 %), Cr-Ni (50 %), and Cd-Cr (48 %) was detected”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Among TDW, T8, T4, T7, and T5 followed a similar trend of increasing order in all vegetables, whereas T3 and T6 exchanged according to the vegetables, and T2 remained lowest followed by T1 in all cases.

    “Meanwhile, among the TDW, T8, T4, T7, and T5 followed a similar trend of increasing order in all the vegetables whereas T3 and T6 were exchanged according to the vegetables and T2 remained in the lowest position followed by T1 in all cases.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Cr had the highest positive loadings on PC1 (80.1-97.7%), only Ni and Pb had the highest positive loading on PC2 (81% and 85%), and Fe was negative in both PCs.

    “Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Cr had the highest positive loadings on PC1 (80.1-97.7 %) and only Ni and Pb (81 and 85 %) had the highest positive loading on PC2, while Fe was negative in both the PCs”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning

    BCF of radish was the lowest, while THQ of radish was ranked 2nd, indicating a higher tendency of accumulating heavy metals in the root part.

    “BCF of radish was the lowest, while THQ of radish was ranked 2nd indicating the higher tendency of accumulating heavy metals in the root part.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The factor map gathered positively associated variables, whereas the negative loading variable was on opposite sides of the plot origin and showed a similar expression pattern as BCF and THQ.

    “The factor map gathered positively associated variables, whereas the negative loading variable was on opposite sides of the plot origin and showed a similar expression pattern as BCF and THQ.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Radish was in distinct positions with positive scores, while red amaranth and Indian spinach overlapped towards positive scores in PC1 and PC2 directions.

    “radish was found in distinct positions with positive scores while red amaranth and Indian spinach were positioned overlapped towards the positive scores in PC1 and PC2 directions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    The decreased order of HI was Indian spinach (0.529-0.709) > radish (0.094-0.201) > red amaranth (0.079-0.134) > cauliflower (0.070-0.083) > tomato (0.023-0.055), all <1 and safe for human ingestion.

    “The decreased order of HI in Indian spinach (0.529-0.709) > radish (0.094-0.201) > red amaranth (0.079-0.134) > cauliflower (0.070-0.083) > tomato (0.023-0.055), were <1 and expressed as safe for human ingestion”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pan et al., 2014 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Among TDW irrigation stages, T8 > T7 > T4 > T5 contributed higher and formed a wider ellipse, while T1 < T6 < T2 < T3 contributed lower as a shorter ellipse, indicating higher to lower contributors towards health risk.

    “among the TDW stages irrigation water, T8>T7>T4>T5 contributed higher and formed ellipse with wider distribution, however, T1<T6<T2<T3 contributed lower represented as the shorter ellipse indicated higher to lower contributors towards health risk”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    HI decreased in the order Indian spinach (0.529-0.709) > radish (0.094-0.201) > red amaranth (0.079-0.134) > cauliflower (0.070-0.083) > tomato (0.023-0.055), all within the safe limit of <1.

    “decreased order of HI was noticed in Indian spinach (0.529-0.709) > radish (0.094-0.201) > red amaranth (0.079-0.134) > cauliflower (0.070-0.083) > tomato (0.023-0.055) and was also within the safe limit of <1.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Out of seven TDW stages, T8, T7, T4, and T5 exceeded physiological properties, while concentrations of essential plant nutrients and heavy metals were within agricultural standard limits except for Cd, Cr, and Ni.

    “out of the seven TDW stages, mixed effluent (T8), fixing treatment water (T7), 2ndwash after bath drain (T4) and neutralization treatment (T5) exceeded the physiological properties, whereas the concentrations of essential plant nutrients and heavy metals were within the agricultural standard limit, except for Cd, Cr, and Ni concentrations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Negative relations were detected between BMn and TNi, and between BNi and TCd, TCu, TZn, and TMn.

    “negative relation was detected between BMn and TNi, as well as BNi with TCd, TCu, TZn, and TMn.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Radish and red amaranth formed a distinct cluster in relation to TDW stages T8, T4, and T7, which are closely correlated with each other.

    “radish and red amaranth formed a distinct cluster in relation to the TDW stages of T8, T4, and T7 which are closely correlated with each other.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    The rest of the studied vegetables (radish, tomato, cauliflower) had considerable accumulation of zinc, copper, and manganese, low accumulation of lead and iron, and no accumulation of any other metals.

    “the rest of the studied vegetables (radish, tomato, cauliflower) had a considerable accumulation of zinc, copper, and manganese, but a low accumulation of lead and iron, and no accumulation of any other metals.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    THQ for different metals was higher in the order Mn/Zn > Cu/Cd > Cr and lower in the order Pb > Fe/Ni in TDW-irrigated vegetables, but all indicated <1, within the low health risk limit.

    “THQ for different metals slightly changed from EDI and revealed higher in the order of Mn/Zn > Cu/Cd > Cr and was lower in the order of Pb > Fe/Ni in TDW irrigated vegetables but indicated <1 that indicated within the low health risk limit.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    BCF findings indicated metal uptake by vegetables was higher in Zn (0.171-0.408) > Cu (0.118-0.348) > Mn (0.021-0.179) > Fe (0.015-0.067), and lower in Pb (0.004-0.375) > Cd (0.005-0.029) > Cr (0.000-0.028) > Ni (0.001-0.027).

    “The present findings on the BCF of heavy metals indicated that metal uptake by vegetables were seem higher in Zn (0.171-0.408) > Cu (0.118-0.348) > Mn (0.021-0.179) > Fe (0.015-0.067) which are essential to the growth of vegetable crops, while uptake was lower in Pb (0.004-0.375) > Cd (0.005-0.029) > Cr (0.000-0.028) > Ni (0.001-0.027) which truly heavy metals and toxic to the crops”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Plant essential elements Zn-Fe, Zn-Cu, Zn-Mn, and Cu-Fe showed strong positive correlations at 80%, 77%, 75%, and 74%, respectively.

    “whereas plant essential elements like Zn-Fe, Zn-Cu, Zn-Mn, and Cu-Fe shown a strong positive correlation with each other at the rate of 80 %,77 %,75 %, and 74 %, respectively”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    TDW stages T2, T3, T5, and T6 correlated with each other and belonged to the same cluster for red amaranth, Indian spinach, tomato, and cauliflower.

    “the TDW stages such as T2, T3, T5, and T6 were also found to correlate with each other and belong to the same cluster with respect to red amaranth, Indian spinach, tomato, and cauliflower.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    PC1 explained 46.80% and PC2 explained 22.40% of the variation in BCF of TDW-irrigated vegetables.

    “where PC1 explained 46.80 % and 22.40 % variation was explained by PC2.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    TDW stages T8 > T7 > T4 > T5 showed higher contribution in total variations, indicating higher risk towards health.

    “mixed effluent(T8) > fixing treatment (T7)>2 nd wash after bath drain (T4) > neutralization treatment (T5) showed a higher contribution in the total variations indicated higher risk towards health.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Current leafy and non-leafy consumption did not exceed the safe limit (HI < 1.01), except Indian spinach (NL4) even within the recommended dose might be a threat for both adults and children with exceeding the safe limit (HI > 1.01).

    “Although current leafy and non-leafy consumption did not exceed the safe limit (HI < 1.01) unless Indian spinach (NL4) even within the recommended dose would not consume that might be a threat for both adults and children with exceeding the safe limit (HI > 1.01)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The dendrogram displays two main clusters with several subclusters, separated by the abundance of heavy metals in vegetables grown with TDW agriculture.

    “The dendrogram displays two main clusters with several subclusters, separated by the abundance of heavy metals in vegetables grown with TDW agriculture.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    TDW stages T2, T3, and T6 denoted comparatively less risk of accumulation and uptake of metals in studied soils and plants, and T1 was revealed as no accumulator.

    “TDW stages of T2, T3, and T6 denoted comparatively less risk of accumulation and uptake of metals in the studied soils and plants and T1 was revealed as no accumulator.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The EDI of toxic metals was higher in the order Zn > Mn/Cu > Fe and lower in the order Cd/Cr > Ni > Pb in TDW-irrigated red amaranth, Indian spinach, radish, and cauliflower, with tomato as an exception where the order was Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb.

    “The EDI of the toxic metals species was higher in the order of Zn > Mn/Cu > Fe and was lower in the order of Cd/Cr > Ni > Pb in TDW irrigated vegetables of red amaranth, Indian spinach, radish, and cauliflower while exception was observed in tomato where the order was Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Cd, Cr, and Ni showed a consistent decreasing trend in all five studied vegetables, with some exceptions in Pb and Fe.

    “As we observed from the findings of the BCF of toxic metals in the TDW irrigated vegetables, Cd, Cr, and Ni were shown a consistent decreasing trend in all the studied five types of vegetables with some exceptions in Pb and Fe.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    For all five vegetables, the BCF of heavy metals was highest in T8, followed by T4, T7, and T5, and lowest in T1.

    “for red amaranth was found the highest in the mixed effluent (T8) followed by 2nd wash water after the dye bath drain (T4) > fixing chemical treated wastewater (T7) > neutralization treatment process wastewater (T5)”
    • Also stated in: § 3.1.1. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) in different vegetables irrigated with TDW · plain
      “for Indian spinach it was in the order of T8>T4> T7>T5>T6>T3>T2>T1”
    • Also stated in: § 3.1.1. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) in different vegetables irrigated with TDW · plain
      “for radish T8>T4>T7>T5>T3>T6>T2>T1”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    T1 < T2 < T6 < T3 contributed lower to PC1 and PC2 and overlapped with each other.

    “T1<T2<T6<T3 contributed lower in the PC1 and PC2 which overlapped with each other”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Vegetables irrigated with mixed effluent (T8) resulted in the highest health risk index, followed by fixing treatment (T7) or 2nd wash after bath drain (T4), compared to other TDWs.

    “The vegetables that were irrigated with the mixed effluent (T8) resulted in the highest health risk index followed by fixing treatment (T7) or 2 nd wash after bath drain (T4) than that of the other TDWs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The levels of heavy metals in edible portions of different vegetables differed, with leafy plants (like red amaranth) showing a greater tendency to accumulate heavy metals than non-leafy vegetables (including radish, Indian spinach, tomato, and cauliflower).

    “the levels of heavy metals in the edible portions of different vegetables differed, with leafy plants (like red amaranth) showing a greater tendency to accumulate heavy metals than non-leafy vegetables (including radish, Indian spinach, tomato, and cauliflower).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Among TDW irrigation sources, T8, T4, T7, and T5 showed a higher uptake of heavy metals than T2, T3, and T6, which indicated a relatively lower danger of metal accumulation and uptake in the irrigated vegetable plants.

    “among the TDW irrigation sources, T8, T4, T7, and T5 showed a higher uptake of heavy metals than T2, T3, and T6, which indicated a relatively lower danger of metal accumulation and uptake in the irrigated vegetable plants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Human health risk results showed that PHI was under the safe limit (<1.01) but SHI crossed the limit for NL4 (Indian spinach alone) under all TDW stages even including groundwater.

    “the results showed that PHI was under the safe limit (<1.01) but SHI crossed the limit for NL4 (Indian spinach alone) under all TDW stages even though including groundwater.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The analyzed vegetables' BCF, THQ, and HI values for the specific hazardous metals (Cd, Cr, and Ni) were all less than one, suggesting that the plants took in the metals but did not accumulate them.

    “The analyzed vegetables' BCF, THQ, and HI values for the specific hazardous metals (Cd, Cr, and Ni) were all less than one, suggesting that the plants took in the metals but did not accumulate them.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    This study showed that vegetables irrigated with TDW were contaminated with heavy metals, where truly toxic metals accumulated in lower concentrations in the order Cd/Cr > Ni > Pb, and metals deemed necessary for plant growth accumulated in higher concentrations in the sequence Zn > Cu > Mn > Fe.

    “This study showed that the vegetables irrigated with TDW were contaminated with heavy metals, where truly toxic metals accumulated in lower concentrations in the order Cd/Cr > Ni > Pb, and metals deemed necessary for plant growth accumulated in higher concentrations at various edible parts of vegetables in the sequence Zn > Cu > Mn > Fe.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    In most cases there was a positive relation, while BCF of Zn was negatively correlated with Cu and Cd of THQ.

    “In most of the cases, there was positive relation, while BCF of Zn was negatively correlated with Cu and Cd of THQ.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Comparatively, a higher risk was revealed from irrigation sources T8, T7, and T4, while other TDW stages have a moderate to low lifetime risk of exposure.

    “Comparatively, a higher risk was revealed from the irrigation sources of T8, T7, and T4, while the other TDW stages have a moderate to low lifetime risk of exposure.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Excess amounts of trace metals in irrigated soil cause metal uptake by crops, affecting food quality.

    “Excess amounts of such trace metals in irrigated soil cause metal uptake by cultivating crops, affecting food quality”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Khan et al., 2008 source
    • cites Tuzen et al., 2020 source
    • cites Nemati et al., 2023 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The experiment was conducted under a shed house to control rainfall.

    “To control rainfall during cultivation, the experiment was conducted under the shed house.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    RfD values for Zn, Fe, Cd/Pd, Ni, Cr, and Cu are 0.3, 0.7, 0.001, 0.02, 0.003, and 0.3 mg/kg/day respectively.

    “RfD values for Zn, Fe, Cd/Pd, Ni, Cr, and Cu are respectively 0.3, 0.7, 0.001, 0.02, 0.003, and 0.3 mg/kg/day”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Latif et al., 2018 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Wastewater from three stages of a dyeing process can safely be used for agriculture, depending on its impact on seed germination, yield, and growth of red amaranth, country bean, and tomato plants, considering heavy metal enrichment, sodium absorption ratio, and pollution load index.

    “Based on our previous research, we found that the wastewater from three stages of a dyeing process can safely be used for agriculture, depending on its impact on seed germination yield and growth of red amaranth, country bean, and tomato plants through considering the factors such as the enrichment of heavy metals, sodium absorption ratio, and pollution load index”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hassan et al., in 2013 and 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Khandaker et al., in 2013 and 2017a,b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The recommended vegetable consumption rate for children is 232 g/day (184 g non-leafy + 48 g leafy vegetables).

    “the recommended vegetable consumption rate for adults and children are 280 g/day (220 g non-leafy + 60 g leafy vegetables) and 232 g/day (184 g non-leafy + 48 leafy vegetables) respectively”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites WHO, 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The EFveg values for leafy vegetables are 100 days/year and for non-leafy vegetables are 50 days/year.

    “The EFveg values for leafy (red amaranth, Indian spinach) and nonleafy vegetables (tomato, cauliflower, radish) are 100 and 50 days/year, respectively”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The IRveg values for leafy vegetables are 89 g/day and for non-leafy vegetables are 23 g/day.

    “The IRveg is the daily consumption of veggies, and the respective values for leafy and non-leafy vegetables are 89 and 23 g/day, respectively”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    Since T8, T7, T4, and T5 irrigation sources tend to have more heavy metals, this helps clarify the accumulation of these metals from irrigated soil to cultivated plants and the human food chain.

    “Since T8, T7, T4, and T5 irrigation sources tend to have more heavy metals, it helps to clarify the accumulation of these metals from irrigated soil to cultivated plants and the human food chain”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    Fe loading was not as high as other metals, implying a quasi-independent behavior within the group compared to other metals.

    “Loading of Fe was not so higher as other metals, therefore, implying a quasi-independent behavior within the group compared to other metals”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    The clusters confirmed higher sensitivity in the order red amaranth > radish > Indian spinach to accumulate heavy metals when irrigated with T8 > T4 > T7.

    “These clusters distinguish confirmed the higher sensitivity in the order of red amaranth > radish > Indian spinach to accumulate heavy metals while irrigated with T8 (mixed wastewater) > T4 (2nd wash after dye bath drain) > T7 (fixing chemical treated wastewater).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Around half of the effluent from the dyeing process is polluted and requires treatment, while the other wastewater can be released as is or with minimal treatment.

    “Haque (2008) stated that around half of the effluent from the dyeing process is polluted and requires treatment, but the other wastewater can be released as is or with minimal treatment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Haque (2008)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The recommended vegetable consumption rate for adults is 280 g/day (220 g non-leafy + 60 g leafy vegetables).

    “the recommended vegetable consumption rate for adults and children are 280 g/day (220 g non-leafy + 60 g leafy vegetables) and 232 g/day (184 g non-leafy + 48 leafy vegetables) respectively”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites WHO, 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Each sample was analyzed in triplicate to assess the precision and accuracy of the AAS method.

    “Each sample was analyzed in triplicate to assess the precision and accuracy of the AAS method.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Plants were raised in earthen pots in a white polythene-covered net house to prevent rainwater contamination.

    “To prevent rainwater from contaminating the used specimens, the plants were raised in earthen pots in a white polythene-covered net house.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The ED is 73 years for adults and BW is 52 kg for adults 25 years of age.

    “The ED is the length of exposure (73 years for adults) and BW is the body weight (52 kg for adults 25 years of age)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The limits of detection of Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr are 0.006, 0.005, 0.05, 0.04, 0.016, 0.015, and 0.01 μg/L respectively.

    “The limits of detection of Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr are 0.006, 0.005, 0.05, 0.04, 0.016, 0.015 and 0.01 μg/L respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    Indian spinach and radish contributed majorly towards positive scores and were in distinct positions, while red amaranth contributed to some extent, exhibiting a higher probability to affect the human body through uptake of metals in their edible portion.

    “among the studied vegetables, Indian spinach, and radish contributed major towards positive scores and depicted in distinct positions, while red amaranth contributed to some extent which exhibited a higher probability to affect the human body through the uptake of metals in their edible portion”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationcitation

    Vegetables may have specialized mechanisms for absorbing and translocating metals to their leaves and roots, respectively.

    “Vegetables may have specialized mechanisms for absorbing and translocating metals to their leaves and roots, respectively”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    If THQ > 1, there is a chance of a noncarcinogenic effect; if THQ < 1, it is assumed safe for noncarcinogenic effects.

    “If the THQ value is greater than one, there is a chance of a noncarcinogenic effect related to values.If THQ is less than one, it will be assumed to be safe for noncarcinogenic effects”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Antoine et al., 2017 source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    No pesticides or fertilizers were used on the crops to avoid nutrient interactions.

    “No pesticides or fertilizers were used on the crops so that there wouldn't be any other different nutrients interaction in the present investigation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Gary et al. (2014) reported that in Haryana State, India, leafy vegetables absorb more heavy metals than root vegetables.

    “Gary et al. (2014) reported that in Haryana State, India, leafy vegetables absorb more heavy metals than root vegetables.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gary et al. (2014) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications.

    “In clay pots, the seeds of vegetables were grown in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    HI may increase when a leafy vegetable (red amaranth) is taken with non-leafy vegetables in the order fruit < flower < root, while Indian spinach (NL4) might threaten more human health alone compared to other studied vegetables.

    “This specified that HI may increase when a leafy vegetable (red amaranth) is taken with nonleafy vegetables in the order of fruit < flower < root, while Indian spinach (NL4) might threaten more human health alone as compared to the other studied vegetables.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    Indian spinach and radish contributed most to positive scores, showing a higher probability to affect human health through metal accumulation in edible parts.

    “Indian spinach and radish contributed most to positive scores, showing a higher probability with a distinct ellipse position that could affect human health through metal accumulation in edible parts”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The current average vegetable consumption in Bangladesh is 112 g daily (23 g leafy and 89 g non-leafy), the recommended rate for an adult is 280 g (60 g leafy and 220 g non-leafy), and for children is 232 g (48 g leafy and 184 g non-leafy).

    “The current average vegetable consumption in Bangladesh is 112 g daily (23 g leafy and 89 g non-leafy) and recommended rate for an adult is 280 g (60 g leafy and 220 g non-leafy) and 232 g (48 g leafy and 184 g non-leafy) for children.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites WHO, 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites BDHS, 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in human tissues and organs raises concerns for human health.

    “the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in human tissues and organs raises concerns for human health (Horiguchi et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Horiguchi et al., 2004 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    This risk is heightened when both leafy (red amaranth) and non-leafy vegetables (radish, tomato, cauliflower) are consumed together, or when only non-leafy vegetables (like Indian spinach) are consumed.

    “This risk is heightened when both leafy (red amaranth) and non-leafy vegetables (radish, tomato, cauliflower) are consumed together, or when only non-leafy vegetables (like Indian spinach) are consumed.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
93 of 93

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The ultimate consequences of health risk can be assessed by assuming standard doses of vegetables are consumed throughout lifetime.

    “Therefore, in this study, an assumption was verified about the ultimate consequences of the health risk if one could take the standard doses of vegetables throughout their lifetime.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Metal transfer from soil to plant is the primary route of human exposure to metals.

    “Metal transfer from soil to plant is the primary route of human exposure to metals, and BCF of heavy metals describes the possibility of any specific metal being present in any plant part.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Fe is plentiful in soil and essential for plant development but is inaccessible to roots due to its low solubility and chelated oxidized form.

    “due to its low solubility and chelated oxidized form (Fe 2+ and F 3+ ), Fe, which is plentiful in soil and essential for plant development, is inaccessible to roots.”
3 of 3

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Abstract's exception for Pb conflicts with reported THQ

    Major

    The abstract identifies Pb as an exception to the claim that THQ values are below one. The discussion instead states that every studied metal has a THQ below one, which includes Pb.

  • Leafy and non-leafy consumption rates are reversed

    Major

    The methods assign 89 g/day to leafy vegetables and 23 g/day to non-leafy vegetables, but the results assign the opposite rates. These rates are inputs to the reported intake and health-risk calculations.

  • Pot count does not cover the stated design

    Major

    Five vegetables, eight irrigation treatments (T1-T8), and three pots per treatment require 120 pots, not 72. The reported pot count cannot accommodate the described design.

    Reported 72 · recomputed 120

  • Leafy and non-leafy exposure frequencies are reversed

    Major

    The methods assign 100 days/year to leafy vegetables and 50 to non-leafy vegetables; the discussion reverses those assignments while describing the calculations for Indian spinach.

  • Vegetable accumulation order is reported in opposite directions

    Minor

    The discussion gives one order for metal accumulation and later gives its exact reverse as an accumulation tendency.

  • Radish is assigned two irrigation volumes

    Minor

    The same sentence says radishes received both 15 L and 10 L of experimental water.

6 of 6

Cited works that were retracted

Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.

  • Cites a retracted work: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105868

    Major

    The cited work was retracted on 2021-03-01 (notice 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105868), before this paper was published (2024-02). Its authors could have known.

    Cited work 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105868 · retracted 2021-03-01 · notice 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105868 · this paper published 2024-02

  • Cites a retracted work: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105765

    Major

    The cited work was retracted on 2021-01-01 (notice 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105765), before this paper was published (2024-02). Its authors could have known.

    Cited work 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105765 · retracted 2021-01-01 · notice 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105765 · this paper published 2024-02

  • Cites a retracted work: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105800

    Major

    The cited work was retracted on 2021-02-01 (notice 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105800), before this paper was published (2024-02). Its authors could have known.

    Cited work 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105800 · retracted 2021-02-01 · notice 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105800 · this paper published 2024-02

  • Cites a retracted work: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108792

    Info

    The cited work was retracted on 2025-11-04 (notice 10.1016/j.envres.2025.123247), not before this paper was published (2024-02).

    Cited work 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108792 · retracted 2025-11-04 · notice 10.1016/j.envres.2025.123247 · this paper published 2024-02

4 of 4

Citations

Cites

4 retracted

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Baird, 2012, vol. 10
  2. Hassan, 2013, Impact of textile dyeing effluents on germination and seedling stage of country bean (Lablab niger var. Typicus), Environ. Nat.Resour. J., 11, 80
  3. Khandaker, 2013, Effect of textile dying wastewater on growth, yield and nutritional qualities of stem amaranth, Int. J. Agric. Sci. Res., 3, 171
  4. Kumar, 2020, Lead toxicity: health hazards, influence on food chain, and sustainable remediation approaches, Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health, 17, 2179, 10.3390/ijerph17072179 · DOI
  5. Setiadi, 2006, Treatment of textile wastewater by a combination of anaerobic and aerobic processes: a denim processing plant case, vol. 1, 159
  6. 2007, Guidance for evaluating the oral bioavailability of metals in soils for use in human health risk assessment, OSWER, 9285, 7

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Metadata

Authors
Hassan, J., Rajib, M. M. R., Khan, M. N.-E.-A., Khandaker, S., Zubayer, M., Ashab, K. R., Kuba, T., Marwani, H. M., Asiri, A. M., Hasan, M. M., Islam, A., Rahman, M. M., & Awual, M. R.
Affiliations
  • Gazipur Agricultural University (BD)
  • Kyushu University (JP)
  • King Abdulaziz University (SA)
Corresponding author
  • Hassan, Jahidul
  • Rajib, Md. Mijanur Rahman
  • Khandaker, Shahjalal
  • Awual, Md. Rabiul
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Environmental Management
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2024-02
Volume
353
Pages
120206
ISSN
0301-4797 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120206
OpenAlex
W4391579087
Cited by
88
References
87
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 21
FWCI
8.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Environmental Management (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Kyushu University Institutional Repository (QIR) (Kyushu University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Greater South Information System
Funders
  • International Foundation for Science (W/5415-1)
  • Curtin University
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Heavy Metals in Plants
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
Keywords
heavy metal accumulation, dyeing wastewater, wastewater irrigation, vegetables, human health risk assessment, bioconcentration factor, target hazard quotient, hazard index, lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, red amaranth, Indian spinach, radish, cauliflower, tomato, groundwater irrigation, food safety, children's exposure, pot experiment
MeSH terms
Adult, Cadmium, Child, Environmental Monitoring, Food Contamination, Humans, Lead, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Vegetables, Solanum lycopersicum, Risk Assessment, Metals, Heavy, Wastewater

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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