PreprintCited by 10International Relations and Foreign PolicyWar, Ethics, and JustificationChinese history and philosophy

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Chinese Meaning of Just War and its Impact on the Foreign Policy of the People's Republic of China

Open access
Godehardt, Nadine·2008·SSRN Electronic Journal

Abstract

The image of China's peaceful rise, which the Chinese government is keen to enforce in the world, stands in contrast to the view of China's ascent as a threat. China's economic and military growth is perceived as a potential threat to the (East) Asian security structure and as a challenge to the preponderance of the United States. Even though the PRC is more active in international and regional organizations - and better integrated in the international community - than ever before, the ambiguity of China's true political intentions is still dominant. The focus of this analysis is the Chinese tradition of Just War and its benefits for an enhanced understanding of contemporary Chinese foreign policy. The tradition of Just War has rarely been studied, but the search for an understanding of Just War in Chinese traditional thinking can, nevertheless, assist in the analysis of China's current foreign policy. Whether China's foreign policy is benign or malignant or whether China dominates Asia is, therefore, "profoundly uncertain." With regard to foreign policy analysis, the differentiation between the regional and the international levels might help to transcend the predominant understanding of Chinese foreign policy in international relations theory.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2139/ssrn.1287161

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 99

  1. See For Instance, 1999, Does China Matter?, in: Foreign Affairs, 78, 24
  2. Khalid R Alrhodan, 2007, A Critique of the China Threat Theory: A Systematic Analysis, 31, 41
  3. 2003, China's regional power and influence need not result in a reciprocal decrease in U.S. power and influence. Acquiring and wielding power and influence in a non-bipolar system [?] is not a zero-sum game, International Security, 29, 64
  4. Friedberg, 10.1515/jbnst-1878-0112 · DOI
  5. Friedberg, 10.1023/a:1023917518462 · DOI
  6. Johnston: Cultural Realism, 10.2307/2760734 · DOI
  7. Friedberg, 10.1017/cbo9780511547218.007 · DOI
  8. One criticism could be the question of whether the representatives of the different IR theories always stand for only one of Friedberg's six positions or whether most of them do not already combine different approaches?
  9. 2005, In Commemoration of the 35th Anniversary of Restoration of Lawful Seat of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations, ????????????????? (The concept of a harmonious world and the study of Chinese international relations theory), 11
  10. 2007, Kang: China Rising. Peace, Power, and Order in East Asia
  11. See, 2007, Cultural Tradition, and Official Discourse in China at the start of the New Century, 69, 50
  12. Jonathan R Bibliography Adelmann, 1840, Symbolic War: The Chinese Use of Force
  13. Al-Rhodan, 2007, A critique of the China Threat Theory: A Systematic Analysis, 31, 41
  14. 1997, Augustinus: Vom Gottesstaat (transl. by Wilhelm Timme), 10.1484/m.ipm-eb.5.113827 · DOI
  15. Daniel A Bell, 2007, Just War and Confucianism. Implications for the Contemporary World, Confucian political ethics, 226, 10.1515/9781400828661.226 · DOI
  16. Richard / Bernstein, 1997, China 1: The Coming Conflict with America, 76, 18, 10.2307/20047934 · DOI
  17. S�bastian : Billioud, 2007, Cultural Tradition, and Official Discourse in China at the start of the New Century, in: China Perspectives, 69, 50
  18. Pierre Briant, 1996, Histoire de l'empire Perse. De Cyrus � Alexander
  19. Mark / Burles, 2000, Patterns in China's Use of Force. Evidence from History and Doctrinal Writings
  20. Barry Buzan, 1991, People, States and Fear: an agenda for international security in the post-cold war era
  21. Barry / Ole Buzan, 2006, The structure of International Security
  22. Thomas J Christensen, 2001, Posing Problems without Catching Up. China's Rise and Challenges for U.S. Security Policy, International Security, 25, 5, 10.1162/01622880151091880 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Chung Chien-Peng, 2006, Confronting Terrorism and Other Evils in China: All Quiet on the Western Front?, in: The China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, 4, 75
  24. 1967, HS�N-TZU (transl. by Hermann K�ster), 10.5040/9781472541079.0004 · DOI
  25. Herlee G Creel, 1970, The Western Chou Empire, The Origins of Statecraft in China, 1
  26. Kellogg E Davida, 2002, Jus post Bellum: The Importance of War Crime Trials, 32, 87
  27. John K Fairbank, 1974, Introduction: Varieties of the Chinese Military Experience, Chinese Ways in Warfare, 1
  28. 1968, The Chinese World Order. Traditional China's foreign relations
  29. John K Fairbank, 1953, Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast. The Opening of the Treaty Ports 1842-1854, 10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim060130056 · DOI
  30. Taylor M Fravel, 2003, China's New Diplomacy, Foreign Affairs, 82, 22, 10.2307/20033754 · DOI
  31. Aaron L Friedberg, 2005, The Future of U.S.-China Relations, Is Conflict Inevitable?, in: International Security, 30, 7
  32. Bates Gill, 2007, Rising China. China's New Security Diplomacy
  33. Bates / Yanzhong Gill, 2006, Sources and Limits of Chinese "Soft Power, 48, 17, 10.1080/00396330600765377 · DOI
  34. Bates / James Gill, 2000, Sovereignty, intervention and Peacekeeping: The View from Beijing, in: Survival, 42
  35. Michael Greenberg, 1951, British Trade and the Opening of China 1800-1842
  36. Han Feizi, 1994, Die Kunst der Staatsf�hrung. Die Schriften des Meisters Han Fei (transl. by Wilmar M�gling)
  37. Thomas Hobbes, 1651, Leviathan: Oder Stoff, Form und Gewalt eines kirchlichen und b�rgerli-chen Staates
  38. Leonard S Hs�, 1932, The Political Philosophy of Confucianism. An Interpretation of the Social and Political Ideas of Confucius, his Forerunners, and his early Disciples, 10.4324/9781315018775 · DOI
  39. Hurrell Andrew, 1997, Regionalism in world politics. Regional organizations and international order
  40. Alastair I Johnston, 2003, China as a Status Quo Power?, International Security, 27, 5, 10.1162/016228803321951081 · DOI
  41. Alastair I Johnston, 1996, The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in Word Politics, 216
  42. Alastair I Johnston, 1995, Cultural Realism. Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History, 10.1515/9780691213149 · DOI
  43. Alastair I Johnston, 1995, Thinking about Strategic Culture, International Security, 19, 32, 10.2307/2539119 · DOI
  44. Thomas M Kane, 2003, Inauspicious Tools: Chinese Thought on the Morality of Warfare, 139
  45. David C Kang, 1982, China Rising. Peace, Power, and Order in East Asia, Konfuzius: Gespr�che (transl. by Ralf Moritz)
  46. Willy Lam, 2004, Socialism with a Harmonious Face: Hu Jintao's Plan for Reform, 4, 5
  47. 1997, Regional Order. Building Security in a New World, 10.7202/704006ar · DOI
  48. Mark E Lewis, 1990, Sanctioned Violence in Early China
  49. Andrew Lintott, 1993, Imperium Romanum. Politics and administration
  50. John Mearsheimer, 2001, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 10.1093/survival/44.3.150 · DOI
  51. Evan S Meideiro, 2005, Strategic Hedging and the Future of Asia-Pacific Stability, The Washington Quarterly, 29, 145, 10.1162/016366005774859724 · DOI
  52. Mo Ti, 1975, Gegen den Krieg (Mo Ti Schriften II) (transl. by Helwig Schmidt-Glintzer), 10.1163/2405-8262_rgg4_dum_14281 · DOI
  53. M�nkler, 2007, Herfried: Imperien: die Logik der Weltherrschaft -vom Alten Rom bis zu den Vereinigten Staaten
  54. Brian Orend, 2006, The Morality of War
  55. Brian Orend, 2000, Jus Post Bellum, 31, 117, 10.1111/0047-2786.00034 · DOI
  56. Qin Yaoqing, 2007, Why there is no Chinese International Relations Theory?, in: International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 7, 313
  57. Denny Roy, 1994, Hegemon on the Horizon? China's Threat to East Asian Security, International Security, 19, 149, 10.2307/2539151 · DOI
  58. Ralph D Sawyer, 1993, The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China (transl
  59. Andrew Scobell, 2001, The Chinese Cult of Defense, 37, 100, 10.1017/cbo9780511510502.004 · DOI
  60. Gerald Segal, 1999, Does China Matter?, in: Foreign Affairs, 78, 24, 10.2307/20049448 · DOI
  61. Yang Shang, 1928, The Book of Lord Shang. A Classic of the Chinese School of Law (transl. by Duyvendak)
  62. David Shambaugh, 2004, Reshaping the Regional Order, China engages Asia, 29, 64
  63. 1995, Sun Pin: Military Methods (transl, 10.4324/9780429497049 · DOI
  64. Sun Tsu, 1963, Sun Tzu: The Art of War (transl, Wahrhaft siegt, wer nicht k�mpft (transl. by Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber)
  65. Michael D Swaine, 2000, Interpreting China's Grand Strategy. Past, Present, and Future (Project Air Force RAND)
  66. Michael Walzer, 2003, Just and Unjust Wars. A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations
  67. Kenneth N Waltz, 1959, Man, the state and war. A Theoretical Analysis
  68. Oskar Weggel, 1997, China im Aufbruch. Konfuzianismus und politische Zukunft
  69. Dainian Zhang, 2002, Key Concepts in Chinese Philosophy (transl, 3
  70. Zhang, 2003, Tiejun: Reconstruction the Great Wall, Chinese Security Strategy in the Early 21st Century
  71. Zhao, 1997, Suisheng: Power Competition in East Asia: from the old Chinese world order to postcold war regional multipolarity
  72. Yongniang / Sow Keat Zheng, Harmonious society and harmonious world: China's policy discourse under Hu Jintao, in: Briefing Series, 1, 10.4324/9781315671406-2 · DOI
  73. 2000, Chinese Resources ??? (Gong Yuzheng): ???????????????? (Cultural Transformation and the Substitution of the Chinese Traditional Military Theory), in: ?????? (Military Historical Record, 172, 10.4324/9780203087428 · DOI
  74. ?? (mengzi, 2002, ??? (Chen Chengguo): ???? (Four Books and Five Classics), 1, 61
  75. ??? (lou Chunhao, 2006, ???????"?????"??? (The Essence of the Offensive Realism view on the "China Threat Debate"), in: ?????????? (Journal of University of International Relations, 14
  76. ??? (luo, 2006, ????????????? (Establishing an external cultural strategy currently rising in China), in: ?????? (Contemporary International Relations
  77. ?? (mengzi, ??? (Chen Chengguo): ???? (Four Books and Five Classics
  78. ??? (ni, 1999, ????? (Confucius and War), in: ?????? (Military Historical Record, 93
  79. ??? (sang, 2006, From the perspective of International Law using Mozi as an example: The renewed discussion about whether the Feudal States of the Chunqiu and Warring States Period represent Sovereign States or not), in: ?????? (Studies of International Politics, 137
  80. ??? (shi Yinhong, 1999, ????????????: ????? (Theoretical Tradition of War and Peace. China and the West), in: ??????? (World Economics and Politics
  81. 2007, ???(Sun Xuefeng): ????????????????? (The concept of a harmonious world and the study of Chinese international relation theory), in: ????? (Education and Research), 11, 10.1163/2213-6002_crpn_c9789004156371_017 · DOI
  82. ??? (wang Lianbin, 2005, ?????????? (Theory Outline of the Chinese Military Virtue Culture Research), in: ?????? (Military Historical Record, 150
  83. ??? (wu Zengyu, 2004, ????????????? (Contemporary Meaning of the Just War Theory), 12
  84. 2004, ??? (Ma Debao)?????????????????? (Sun Zi's Art of War and Mainstream Contemporary Chinese Theories of War), in: ?????? (China Military Science, 9
  85. ??? (yu Zemin, 2000, ??????????. ???????? (The Understanding of
  86. 2006, Years Chinese Military Thought. The Present Usage of Classical Chinese Strategy)
  87. ?? (zhang Lu, 2005, ???????????? (A Comparison of Chinese and Western Just War Thought), 15
  88. ??? (zhou Zhenfu, 2005, ????? (A Selection of Classical War Records)
  89. ??? (zhu, 2005, ????????? (Discussion about war from a moral viewpoint), in: ??????(Military Historical Research), 1, 142
  90. ??? (zuo Gaoshan, 2005, About the recollection of war morality), 43
  91. 2002, Internet Resources Annual Report to Congress: Military Power of the People's Republic of China
  92. 2007, China's Strategic Objectives in Asia
  93. 2007, Harmonious Society, 29, 10.13188/2332-4139.s100001 · DOI
  94. He, 2007, Yin: China's Changing Policy on UN Peacekeeping Operations, in: Asia Studies (Institute for Security and Development Policy
  95. 2005, Li Zhaoxing: Peace, Development and Cooperation. Banner for China's Diplomacy in the New Era, 08, 10.1093/chinesejil/jmi033 · DOI
  96. Ling, 2006, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People Republic of China: Peace, Development and Cooperation. In Commemoration of the 35th Anniversary of Restoration of Lawful Seat of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations, International Relations and Institutions
  97. 2008, The PEW Global Attitudes Project: Global Economic Gloom-China and India Notable Exceptions
  98. ????????? (China's Way of Peace and Development
  99. GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies / Leibniz-Institut f�r Globale und Regionale Studien Neuer Jungfernstieg 21 ? 20354, 10.1163/_afco_asc_1580 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 10

Metadata

Authors
Godehardt, N.
Affiliations
German Institute for Global and Area Studies (DE)
Corresponding author
Godehardt, Nadine
Venue
SSRN Electronic Journal
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2008
ISSN
1556-5068 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1534396580
Cited by
10
References
3
Citations by year
2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
Type
posted content
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • Econstor (Econstor) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Relations and Foreign Policy
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › War, Ethics, and Justification
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Chinese history and philosophy
Keywords
just war theory, Chinese foreign policy, People's Republic of China, Chinese traditional thought, peaceful rise, Asian security, China's rise

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review