Roads to Development: Experimental Evidence from Urban Road Pavement
Open accessAbstract
Urban peripheries in many developing country cities lack basic local public goods like pavement, water, sewerage and electricity. We estimate the impacts of slum infrastructure upgrading using an experiment in urban road pavement provision in Mexico. Our findings show that homes in streets that were paved increased their value between 15 and 17%. Households living in streets that were paved obtained more credit, had higher per capita expenditures, increased motor vehicle ownership and were more likely to have made home improvements. The rate of return to road pavement is estimated to be 2% without considering externalities, but raises to 55% once externalities are accounted for. We also present a model to understand the experimental estimates. Increases in consumption are more strongly correlated with increases in housing value than reductions in transport costs, suggesting that the wealth effect generated by the road pavement was a stronger driver of consumption than the reduction in transport costs.
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One RCT (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010) incorporated randomisation into a government road paving intervention, offering an objective system of assigning the intervention where budgetary constraints prevented treatment of all communities identified as in need.
“One RCT was able to incorporate randomisation into a government road paving intervention, offering an objective system of assigning the intervention where budgetary constraints prevented treatment of all the communities identified as in need (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez-Navarro 2010
Risk of bias ranged from low to high for the main studies: one RCT (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010) was assigned low risk of bias (++), two CBAs (Galiani 2007; Soares 2005) were judged to have mixed or unclear bias (+), and two CBAs (Butala 2010; Taylor 1987) were considered to have high risk of bias (-).
“Risk of bias ranged from low to high for the main studies. One RCT (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010) was assigned a low risk of bias (++), two CBAs (Galiani 2007; Soares 2005) were judged to be have mixed or unclear bias (+) and two CBAs were considered to have a high risk of bias (‐) (Butala 2010; Taylor 1987).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez-Navarro 2010
Among main studies, two projects were state-led government programmes: road paving (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010) and Favela-Barrio, which also received funding from the Inter-American Development Bank (Soares 2005).
“Amongst the main studies two projects were state‐led government programmes, road paving (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010) and Favela‐Barrio, which also received funding from the Inter‐American Development Bank (IADB) (Soares 2005).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez-Navarro 2010
One RCT (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010) had low risk of selection bias due to random allocation and use of difference-in-differences analysis.
“Within the five main studies, one RCT was identified as having a low risk of selection bias due to its random allocation and use of DiD analysis (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez-Navarro 2010
Two further studies evaluated single physical interventions: one RCT (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010) evaluated road paving on parasite or fungus infections, sickness, and quality of life; one CBA (Galiani 2007) examined water supply on diarrhoea and water expenditure.
“Two further studies evaluated the impact of single physical interventions: one RCT (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010) evaluated the impact of road paving on parasite or fungus infections, sickness and quality of life; and one CBA examined the effect of water supply on diarrhoea and water expenditure (Galiani 2007).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez-Navarro 2010
Five main studies were identified: one cluster-RCT (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010) and four cluster-CBAs (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Soares 2005; Taylor 1987) using difference-in-differences analyses and adjustment for confounders.
“Five main studies were identified for inclusion: one cluster‐RCT (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010) and four cluster‐CBAs (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Soares 2005; Taylor 1987) using difference in difference analyses and adjustment for confounders.”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez-Navarro 2010
In Gonzalez-Navarro 2010, data were analysed for 17 out of the intended 28 communities that the project reached, with no further information provided on the fidelity or maintenance of the treated communities.
“Data was analysed in the road paving project for 17 out of the intended 28 communities that the project reached, with no further information provided on the fidelity or maintenance of the treated communities (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez-Navarro 2010
Two main studies (Galiani 2007; Gonzalez-Navarro 2010) used recall periods of four weeks or more for self-reported outcomes, and two (Soares 2005; Taylor 1987) did not report the length of recall.
“Two of the main studies used recall periods of four weeks or more for self‐reported outcomes (Galiani 2007; Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010) and two did not report the length of recall (Soares 2005; Taylor 1987).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez-Navarro 2010
Just two studies described methods to minimise detection bias: Gonzalez-Navarro 2010 ensured participants were not informed of study objectives during household interviews, and Moraes 2004 blinded microscopists examining stool samples to intervention status.
“Just two studies described methods to minimise detection bias. One RCT ensured participants were not informed of the study objectives during household interviews with field workers as a way to minimise bias (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010). One supporting study blinded microscopists examining stool samples to the intervention status of the community from whom the samples had been collected (Moraes 2004).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez-Navarro 2010
Four main studies (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Gonzalez-Navarro 2010; Soares 2005) allocated the intervention to slum communities (clusters) rather than individual slum dwellers and used appropriate analyses.
“Four main studies allocated the intervention to slum communities (that is clusters) rather than individual slum dwellers and used appropriate analyses (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010; Soares 2005).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez-Navarro 2010
One RCT (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010) analysed data only for households interviewed at both baseline and follow-up (excluding those who moved out of or into the area during the study period), and attrition in the panel was determined to be random.
“One RCT analysed data only for households that were interviewed at both baseline and follow‐up (and not those who moved out of or into the area in the study period) and it was determined that attrition in the panel was random (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez-Navarro 2010
The follow-up period in Gonzalez-Navarro 2010 varied by intervention site, ranging from 0 to 17 months (seven sites completed in 2007, five in 2008, and five just before follow-up measures were recorded).
“The follow‐up period in Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010 varied depending on the intervention site, ranging from 0 months to 17 months (seven sites were completed in 2007, five sites in 2008, and five sites just before follow‐up measures were recorded).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez-Navarro 2010
In Gonzalez-Navarro 2010, paving streets did not result in changes in school absenteeism in the last month for children aged 5 to 17 (RR 1.49, 95% CI 0.75 to 2.93; P=0.25).
“Paving streets did not result in changes in education variables for children aged 5 to 17: estimated RRs for school enrolment and absenteeism in the last month were 1.03 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.12; P = 0.38) and 1.49 (95% CI 0.75 to 2.93; P = 0.25) respectively (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
In Gonzalez-Navarro 2010, there was limited evidence at the 10% level of an increase in weekly worked hours (MD 4.68, 95% CI -0.46 to 9.82; P=0.07).
“and an increase in weekly worked hours (MD = 4.68; 95% CI ‐0.46 to 9.82; P = 0.07) (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
In Gonzalez-Navarro 2010, there was limited evidence at the 10% level that intervention households were less likely to have plans to migrate for work reasons than those in unpaved streets (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.01; P=0.06).
“there was also limited evidence at the 10% level of improved labour market expectations (intervention households were less likely to have plans to migrate for work reasons than those in unpaved streets (RR 0.78; 95% CI 0.60 to 1.01; P = 0.06)”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
In Gonzalez-Navarro 2010, following road paving, residents' satisfaction with living in their city did not differ between intervention and control groups (MD 0.01, 95% CI -0.10 to 0.12; P=0.92).
“Following road paving, residents' satisfaction with living in their city did not differ between intervention and control groups (MD 0.01; 95% CI ‐0.10 to 0.12; P = 0.92).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
In Gonzalez-Navarro 2010, road paving did not change participants reporting parasites or fungus infections in the last year (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.61; P=0.79).
“and participants reporting parasites or fungus infections in the last year (RR 1.06; 95% CI 0.70 to 1.61; P = 0.79) (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
In Gonzalez-Navarro 2010, paving streets did not result in changes in school enrolment for children aged 5 to 17 (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.12; P=0.38).
“Paving streets did not result in changes in education variables for children aged 5 to 17: estimated RRs for school enrolment and absenteeism in the last month were 1.03 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.12; P = 0.38) and 1.49 (95% CI 0.75 to 2.93; P = 0.25) respectively (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
In Gonzalez-Navarro 2010, household heads in paved streets were more likely to use motor transport to travel to work than household heads in unpaved streets (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.83; P<0.001).
“Household heads in paved streets were more likely to use a motor transport to travel to work than household heads in unpaved streets (RR 1.43; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.83; P < 0.001)”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
In Gonzalez-Navarro 2010, there was no strong evidence that vehicles stolen in the past 12 months were more likely following road paving (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.25 to 4.57; P=0.92).
“There was no strong evidence that burglary or vehicles stolen in the past 12 months were more likely following the intervention (RR 1.83; 95% CI 0.84 to 4.02; P = 0.13 and RR 1.07; 95% CI 0.25 to 4.57; P = 0.92, respectively).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
In Gonzalez-Navarro 2010, household members from paved streets were not more likely to feel safe walking the street at night than household members on unpaved streets (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.32; P=0.48).
“Furthermore household members from paved streets were not more likely to feel safe walking the street at night than household members on unpaved streets (RR 1.08; 95% CI 0.88 to 1.32; P = 0.48) (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
In Gonzalez-Navarro 2010, there was no strong evidence that burglary in the past 12 months was more likely following road paving (RR 1.83, 95% CI 0.84 to 4.02; P=0.13).
“There was no strong evidence that burglary or vehicles stolen in the past 12 months were more likely following the intervention (RR 1.83; 95% CI 0.84 to 4.02; P = 0.13 and RR 1.07; 95% CI 0.25 to 4.57; P = 0.92, respectively).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
In Gonzalez-Navarro 2010, road paving did not change the proportion of intervention residents reporting sickness within the last month compared to residents in unpaved streets (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.14; P=0.83).
“Health outcomes were unchanged by the street paving intervention; this was observed for both the proportion of intervention residents reporting sickness (defined as vomiting, diarrhoea, bronchitis, stomach pain, flu, fever or coughing) within the last month compared to residents in unpaved streets (RR 0.98; 95% CI 0.85 to 1.14; P = 0.83)”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
In Gonzalez-Navarro 2010, unemployment was unchanged by the road paving intervention (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.39 to 2.83; P=0.92).
“Unemployment was unchanged by the road paving intervention (RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.39 to 2.83; P = 0.92).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
In Gonzalez-Navarro 2010, street paving did not result in a statistically significant change in log monthly labour income (MD 0.05, 95% CI -0.13 to 0.23; P=0.67).
“Street paving did not result in a statistically significant change in the log monthly labour income (MD 0.05; 95% CI ‐0.13 to 0.23; P = 0.67) (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
In Gonzalez-Navarro 2010, only 17 of the 28 planned street paving projects were completed in time for the follow-up survey, so instrumental variable regression results are presented.
“As only 17 of the 28 planned street paving projects were completed in time for the follow‐up survey, instrumental variable regression results are presented below (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
There was limited evidence of increased labour expectations following road paving (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010).
“with limited evidence of increased labour expectations and weekly worked hours (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
Three main studies reported no effect on slum dwellers' income following slum upgrading (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010; Soares 2005; Taylor 1987).
“Three main studies (1 RCT with a low risk of bias, 1 CBA with a mixed risk of bias and 1 CBA with a high risk of bias) reported no effect on slum dwellers' income following slum upgrading (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010; Soares 2005; Taylor 1987).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
Only one main study evaluated employment outcomes, finding that road paving did not improve levels of unemployment (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010).
“Only one main study evaluated employment outcomes, finding that road paving did not improve levels of unemployment, with limited evidence of increased labour expectations and weekly worked hours (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
No effect of slum upgrading on school enrolment (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010).
“school enrolment (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010)”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
There was limited evidence of increased weekly worked hours following road paving (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010).
“with limited evidence of increased labour expectations and weekly worked hours (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
No effect of slum upgrading on school absenteeism (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010).
“school absentism (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
Gonzalez-Navarro 2010 found no effect of slum upgrading (road paving) on children's school participation.
“Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010 found no effect of slum upgrading (road paving) on children's school participation.”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
One RCT with low risk of bias but unreliable recall period found no improvement in the likelihood of slum dwellers reporting a parasite or fungus infection in the past year following road paving (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010).
“One RCT with a low risk of bias but unreliable recall period, found no improvement in the likelihood of slum dwellers reporting a parasite or fungus infection in the past year following road paving (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
No effect of slum upgrading was identified for residents satisfaction with living in the city in one RCT with low risk of bias (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010).
“Whilst no effect of slum upgrading was identified for residents satisfaction with living in the city in one RCT with a low risk of bias (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
One RCT with low risk of bias reported weekly worked hours increased (MD 4.68; 95% CI -0.46 to 9.82; P = 0.07) (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010).
“and weekly worked hours increased (MD 4.68; 95% CI ‐0.46 to 9.82; P = 0.07) (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
Three main studies found that moving out of the community was not associated with presence of the intervention.
“Three main studies found that moving out of the community was not associated with presence of the intervention (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010, Taylor 1987) or changes in housing values (Soares 2005).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
One RCT with low risk of bias reported no effect of road paving on the proportion of children enrolled in school or school absenteeism (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010).
“One RCT with a low risk of bias reported no effect of road paving on the proportion of children enrolled in school or school absenteeism (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010)”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
One RCT with low risk of bias reported limited evidence that fewer residents intended to migrate for work (RR 0.78; 95% CI 0.60 to 1.01; P = 0.06) (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010).
“but did report limited evidence that fewer residents intended to migrate for work (RR 0.78; 95% CI 0.60 to 1.01; P = 0.06)”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
Gonzalez-Navarro 2010, an RCT with low risk of bias, found no evidence for an effect of slum upgrading (road paving) on the proportion of residents feeling safe walking the street at night or the proportions of households reporting burglaries or vehicles stolen.
“Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010, an RCT with a low risk of bias, found no evidence for an effect of slum upgrading (road paving) on the proportion of residents feeling safe walking the street at night or the proportions of households reporting burglaries or vehicles stolen.”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
One RCT with low risk of bias found no effect of slum upgrading on unemployment (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010).
“One RCT with a low risk of bias found no effect of slum upgrading on unemployment, but did report limited evidence that fewer residents intended to migrate for work (RR 0.78; 95% CI 0.60 to 1.01; P = 0.06) and weekly worked hours increased (MD 4.68; 95% CI ‐0.46 to 9.82; P = 0.07) (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
Outmigration rates reported in two included studies were 16.8% (Joshi 2002) and 21.5% (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).
“Outmigration rates reported in two included studies were 16.8% (Joshi 2002) and 21.5% (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
Three main studies found that moving out of the community was not associated with presence of the intervention (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010; Taylor 1987) or changes in housing values (Soares 2005).
“Three main studies found that moving out of the community was not associated with presence of the intervention (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010; Taylor 1987) or changes in housing values (Soares 2005).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
Single‐component physical environment and infrastructure intervention within slums were investigated in two of the five main studies regarding improved water supply and road paving, and one further supporting study evaluated cement floors.
“Single‐component physical environment and infrastructure intervention within slums were investigated in two of the five main studies regarding improved water supply (Galiani 2007) and road paving (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010). One further supporting study evaluated cement floors (Cattaneo 2009).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
Within the five main studies waste management, energy improvements and improved housing interventions were poorly covered, though self‐improvements to homes were observed in two main studies of multicomponent slum upgrading.
“Within the five main studies waste management, energy improvements and improved housing interventions were poorly covered, though self‐improvements to homes were observed in two mainstudies of multicomponent slum upgrading (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010; Taylor 1987)”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
Two of the four main studies were government-led projects demonstrating political commitment to slum upgrading, and this was also present in all nine supporting studies.
“Two of the four main studies were government‐led (mostly municipal) projects demonstrating political commitment to slum upgrading (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010; Soares 2005.). This was also present in all nine supporting studies (Abelson 1996; Aiga 2002; Cattaneo 2009; De Leon 1986; Milone 1993; Moitra 1987; Moraes 2004; Parikh in press).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
Only two studies reported information on housing durability, with Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010 finding the majority had cement walls and floors, whereas conditions were poor in the included slum settings of Taylor 1987, with only 23% to 36% of households within the study groups having homes built of permanent material.
“Only two studies reported information on housing durability, with Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010 finding the majority had cement walls and floors, whereas conditions were poor in the included slum settings of Taylor 1987, with only 23% to 36% of households within the study groups having homes built of permanent material.”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
Information in three of the five main studies showed that Galiani 2007 and Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010 measured outcomes over a relatively short period, whereas Taylor 1987 measured outcomes between three and five years after the intervention.
“Information in three of the five main studies showed that, Galiani 2007 and Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010 measured outcomes over a relatively short period (between five to 10 months and between 19 and 1 month, respectively), whereas Taylor 1987 measured outcomes between three and five years after the intervention (the exact follow‐up period is not clearly reported).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
To reduce the risk of selection bias such limitations were likely to introduce, the majority of main studies utilised difference in difference analyses, propensity score matching and multivariate analyses that controlled for confounders.
“To reduce the risk of selection bias such limitations were likely to introduce, the majority of main studies utilised difference in difference analyses (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010; Soares 2005), propensity score matching (Soares 2005) and multivariate analyses that controlled for confounders (Galiani 2007; Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010; Soares 2005).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010 evaluated a single intervention, road paving, thus the results may have limited applicability to broader multicomponent slum upgrading interventions.
“It should be noted however that Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010 evaluated a single intervention, road paving, thus the results may have limited applicability to broader multicomponent slum upgrading interventions.”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
Of the main studies, one RCT was considered to have high external validity, and three CBAs mixed generalisability.
“Of the main studies, one RCT was considered to have high external validity (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010), and three CBAs mixed generalisability (Butala 2010; Galiani 2007; Soares 2005).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
Two studies included participants that were in recognised residential areas, and mostly owned their homes or property title.
“Two studies included participants that were in recognised residential areas, and mostly owned their homes or property title (Cattaneo 2009; Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
Within the main studies, one RCT was considered to have a low risk of bias. Four CBAs were also included, two of which were judged to have a mixed or unclear risk of bias and two had a high risk of bias.
“Within the main studies, one RCT was considered to have a low risk of bias (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010). Four CBAs were also included, two of which were judged to have a mixed or unclear risk of bias (Galiani 2007; Soares 2005) and two had a high risk of bias (Butala 2010; Taylor 1987).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
Two main studies and four supporting studies reported that slum dwellers made improvements to their homes, and one supporting study reported community enhancement of footpaths.
“Two main studies (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010; Taylor 1987) and four supporting studies (Abelson 1996; Joshi 2002; Moitra 1987; Parikh in press) reported that slum dwellers made improvements to their homes, and one supporting studies reported community enhancement of footpaths (Milone 1993).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
The potential for studies to reduce bias by planning evaluations with intervention design and involving independent researchers is demonstrated by the one RCT (Gonzalez-Navarro 2010) included in the review and a further RCT of in situ slum upgrading currently in progress (Cooper 2007).
“This is demonstrated by the one RCT (Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010) included in the review and a further RCT of in situ slum upgrading currently in progress (Cooper 2007).”
From Slum upgrading strategies involving physical environment and infrastructure interventions and their effects on health and socio-economic outcomes (2013) · cites this paper as Gonzalez‐Navarro 2010
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(2009)
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 48 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Transportation Costs and the Spatial Organization of Economic Activity
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Transportation Costs and the Spatial Organization of Economic Activity
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The role of infrastructure in China’s regional economic growth
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Urban infrastructure in Latin America and the Caribbean: public policy priorities
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Ranking Economists on the Basis of Many Indicators: An Alternative Approach Using RePEc Data
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Rural–Urban Linkages, Public Investment and Transport Costs: The Case of Tanzania
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Search, migration, and urban land use: The case of transportation policies
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Transport Infrastructure and Welfare: An Application to Nigeria
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Supply Chain Performance Factors in the Manufacturing Industry
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- Authors
- Gonzalez-Navarro, M., & Quintana-Domeque, C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- SSRN Electronic Journal
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010
- ISSN
- 1556-5068 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W154946084
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban and Rural Development Challenges
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Housing Market and Economics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis
- Keywords
- urban road pavement, urban periphery, local public goods, residential property values, externalities, transportation costs, wealth effects, household consumption, access to credit, car ownership, home improvement, developing cities
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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