The Effect of President Trump's Election on Hate Crimes
Open accessAbstract
This Essay empirically evaluates the relationship between Donald Trump’s rise to power and the recent increase in reported hate crimes. A number of critics predicted that President Trump’s divisive rhetoric during the presidential campaign and his subsequent election would embolden hate crime perpetrators, thereby contributing to more hate crimes. Media commentators have dubbed this the Trump Effect. We find compelling evidence to support the Trump Effect hypothesis. Using time series analysis, we show that Donald Trump’s election in November of 2016 was associated with a statistically significant surge in reported hate crimes across the United States, even when controlling for alternative explanations. Further, by using panel regression techniques, we show that counties that voted for President Trump by the widest margins in the presidential election also experienced the largest increases in reported hate crimes. Using the data from this study, we offer a novel theory that builds on the existing literature on the causes of hate crimes. We hypothesize that it was not just Trump’s inflammatory rhetoric throughout the political campaign that caused hate crimes to increase. Rather, we argue that it was Trump’s subsequent election as President of the United States that validated this rhetoric in the eyes of perpetrators and fueled the hate crime surge.
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Extensive evidence shows negative mental health effects of race-related stress in POC.
“Despite extensive evidence showing the negative mental health effects of race-related stress in POC [6-11,14-17] and the promise of mindfulness meditation to help these individuals cope [20-24,26,30-32,79], this evidence-based treatment continues to be understudied among this high-risk population in both traditional [30,35,36] and digital formats [46-48].”
From App-Based Mindfulness Meditation for People of Color Who Experience Race-Related Stress: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (2022) · cites this paper as [17]
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Valle, V. C. L. L., Antik, A. A., & Lima, E. M. (2023) · Revista Eurolatinoamericana de Derecho Administrativo · doi:10.14409/redoeda.v10i1.12372 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Built Environment and Anxiety Among Adolescents: To What Extent Can Resilient Family Protect Youth?
Park, Y., Wood, B. M., Crutchfield, J. M., & Park, K. (2024) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/10443894241265530 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Phenomenological Inquiry of Asylum Seekers’ Migration Trauma and Adjustment in the United States
Attia, M., Gummaluri, S., Decker, E., Fulton-Delong, B., Deshpande, M., & Tang, S. (2024) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-024-09581-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shodiya-Zeumault, S., DeBlaere, C., Aiello, M., Said, I. A., & Davis, D. E. (2021) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-021-09323-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Munoriyarwa, A., & Karombo, S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68854-7_6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Huslage, M., Held, M. L., & Rai, A. (2023) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/10443894231180647 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
HATE: Why We Should Resist it with Free Speech, Not Censorship by Nadine Strossen
Wilson, R. A. (2019) · Human Rights Quarterly · doi:10.1353/hrq.2019.0015 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Edwards, G. S., & Rushin, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Loyola University Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rushin, Stephen
- Venue
- SSRN Electronic Journal
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018
- ISSN
- 1556-5068 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2784454585
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Populism, Right-Wing Movements
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence
- Keywords
- hate crimes, Donald Trump, 2016 US presidential election, Trump effect, political rhetoric, political polarization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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