How Polarized are Citizens? Measuring Ideology from the Ground-Up
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There is evidence that ideological, issue and affective polarization have increased rapidly in the USA in the past few decades.
“For example, there is evidence that ideological, issue and affective polarization have increased rapidly in the USA in the past few decades339,340, but it is also true that levels of polarization in the USA are smaller than (or similar to) levels observed in other countries65,341.”
From Cognitive–motivational mechanisms of political polarization in social-communicative contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [340]
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References 95 · Cited by 48
- Authors
- Draca, M., & Schwarz, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Bocconi University (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Draca, Mirko
- ORCID
- Schwarz, Carlo
- Venue
- SSRN Electronic Journal
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018
- ISSN
- 1556-5068 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2804387555
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- SSRN Electronic Journal (publishedVersion)
- University of Warwick (cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › General Social Sciences › Computational and Text Analysis Methods
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Populism, Right-Wing Movements
- Keywords
- political polarization, citizen ideology, left-right ideology, institutional trust, anarchist ideology, latent Dirichlet allocation
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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