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Visceral Adiposity Index and Lipid Accumulation Product as Effective Markers of Different Obesity Phenotypes in Korean Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: The visceral adiposity index (VAI) and lipid accumulation product (LAP) are useful for assessing visceral obesity. However, these indices were developed for Caucasians, and it is necessary to confirm whether the VAI and LAP are appropriate indicators for identifying obesity phenotypes in Asians. This study investigated whether the VAI and LAP are effective indicators for diagnosing four obesity phenotypes in South Korean adults. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 23,310 adult participants (age ≥20 years) who had undergone a health checkup at a general hospital in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea from January 2017 to December 2020. VAI and LAP were calculated based on the presented mathematical model according to sex. According to the metabolic health status and presence or absence of obesity, the obesity phenotypes were classified into 4 groups: metabolically healthy non-obese (N=14,240, 61.1%), metabolically unhealthy non-obese (N=477, 2.0%), metabolically healthy obese (MHO; N=6796, 29.2%), and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO; N=1797, 7.7%). Results: The receiver operating characteristics curve analysis showed VAI best predicted MUO among the four obesity phenotypes, whereas the LAP showed excellent discriminating ability for the MUO group (area under the curve 0.877, 0.849, and 0.921 and 0.923, 0.907, and 0.954 for all participants, men, and women, respectively). The optimal VAI cutoff values for identifying the MUO group were 1.83 in men and 1.58 in women, and the optimal cutoff values for the LAP were 41.45 in men and 23.83 in women, with a higher value for men. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the VAI and LAP were associated with an increased risk in the MHO and MUO groups among the obesity phenotypes in both sexes. Conclusion: In South Korean adults, the VAI and LAP are closely related to the MUO phenotype in both sexes and are effective indices for predicting the MUO phenotype.
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“The VAI is an established marker of abdominal obesity and IR, integrating WC, triglyceride (TG) levels, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) to predict metabolic risk.”
From Visceral and Dysfunctional Adiposity Indices as Predictors of Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
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“Similarly, the DAI has been developed as a more specific measure of adipose tissue dysfunction by combining WC, BMI, TG levels, and HDL-C [9,10,11].”
From Visceral and Dysfunctional Adiposity Indices as Predictors of Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
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Keyif, B., & Yavuzcan, A. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61030424 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Yu, S. R., & Shin, K.-A.
- Affiliations
- Semyung University (KR)
- Shinsung University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Shin, Kyung-A
- ORCID
- Shin, Kyung-A
- Venue
- Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2023-02
- Volume
- Volume 16
- Pages
- 495-504
- ISSN
- 1178-7007 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9942502
- OpenAlex
- W4321255137
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 2.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- visceral adiposity index, lipid accumulation product, obesity phenotypes, metabolically healthy obesity, metabolically unhealthy obesity, visceral obesity, Asian adults, Korean adults, cut-off values, sex differences, metabolic health
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