The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Randomized controlled trials – a matter of design
Open accessAbstract
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the hallmark of evidence-based medicine and form the basis for translating research data into clinical practice. This review summarizes commonly applied designs and quality indicators of RCTs to provide guidance in interpreting and critically evaluating clinical research data. It further reflects on the principle of equipoise and its practical applicability to clinical science with an emphasis on critical care and neurological research. We performed a review of educational material, review articles, methodological studies, and published clinical trials using the databases MEDLINE, PubMed, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The most relevant recommendations regarding design, conduction, and reporting of RCTs may include the following: 1) clinically relevant end points should be defined a priori, and an unbiased analysis and report of the study results should be warranted, 2) both significant and nonsignificant results should be objectively reported and published, 3) structured study design and performance as indicated in the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement should be employed as well as registration in a public trial database, 4) potential conflicts of interest and funding sources should be disclaimed in study report or publication, and 5) in the comparison of experimental treatment with standard care, preplanned interim analyses during an ongoing RCT can aid in maintaining clinical equipoise by assessing benefit, harm, or futility, thus allowing decision on continuation or termination of the trial.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Despite their importance, issues in the methodology and study design can introduce bias, random error, or limit the generalizability of RCTs (Spieth et al. 2016; Wambier et al. 2022).”
From Adherence to the CONSORT statement of randomized clinical trials on dentin hypersensitivity treatment using mouthwashes (2025) · cites this paper as Spieth et al. 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
the CONSORT Group, Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-18 · Cited by 13,371
(2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200005043421801 · Cited by 12,941
Moher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gotzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P. J., Elbourne, D., Egger, M., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c869 · Cited by 8,883
Sontrop, J. M., Dixon, S. N., Garg, A. X., Jiménez, I. B., Dohein, O., Huang, S. S., & Clark, W. F. (2013) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000350377 · Cited by 5,903
Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., & Altman, D. G. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04337-3 · Cited by 5,373
Consort 2010 statement: extension to cluster randomised trials
Campbell, M. K., Piaggio, G., Elbourne, D. R., Altman, D. G., & for the CONSORT Group (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e5661 · Cited by 3,510
Assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials
Jüni, P., Altman, D. G., & Egger, M. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7303.42 · Cited by 3,309 · cited 2×
“The RRR frequently leads to overestimation of the treatment effects, so usually the ARR should be reported whenever possible.(15,35) The NNT is derived directly from the ARR and is calculated by dividing 1 by the ARR.”
BackgroundMethodImproving the Quality of Reporting of Randomized Controlled Trials: The CONSORT Statement
Begg, C. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540080059030 · Cited by 3,127
Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., & Altman, D. G. (2001) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-1-2 · Cited by 2,755
Emberson, J., Lees, K. R., Lyden, P., Blackwell, L., Albers, G., Bluhmki, E., Brott, T., Cohen, G., Davis, S., Donnan, G., et al. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60584-5 · Cited by 2,737
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 66 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–291 of 291
Teasell, R. W., MacKenzie, H. M., Flores‐Sandoval, C., McIntyre, A., Barua, U., Mehta, S., Bayley, M. T., & Bateman, E. A. (2024) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000969 · Cited by 2
Siegel, R., Kist, C., Kirk, S., Kharofa, R. Y., Stackpole, K., Sammons, A., Dynan, L., McGrady, M. E., Seo, J., Urbina, E. M., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16193363 · Cited by 3
Appiah, C. A., Ngounda, J., Boakye‐Yiadom, M., Mills-Robertson, F. C., Nel, M., Johnson, R., & Walsh, C. M. (2025) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology6010006 · Cited by 2
Circadian rhythms and human studies: methodology, challenges, and future directions in research
Rahmati, H., Garmabi, B., Ghazvini, H., Tamijani, S. M. S., Sarvandani, M. N., & Rafaiee, R. (2025) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2025.2541247 · Cited by 3
Application of underwater resistance training with university students: A brief systematic review
Feng, L., Lu, T., Yin, M., & Qi, M. (2021) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2021.02.007 · Cited by 2
The Top 100 Most-Cited Publications in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation: A Bibliometric Analysis
Singh, N. (2022) · Indian Journal of Orthopaedics · doi:10.1007/s43465-022-00672-x · Cited by 2
Manji, I., & Fallavollita, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2022.865533 · Cited by 2
Impacts of Eligibility Criteria on Trial Participants' Age in Alzheimer's Disease Clinical Trials.
Chen, A., Li, Q., He, X., Jaffee, M. S., Hogan, W. R., Wang, F., Guo, Y. M., & Bian, J. (2022) · PubMed Central · Cited by 2
Metse, A. P., Stockings, E., Bailey, J. M., Regan, T., Bartlem, K. M., Wolfenden, L., Taylor, G. M. J., Wiggers, J. H., & Bowman, J. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030646 · Cited by 2
Kroeper, K. M., & Murphy, M. C. (2020) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/ug7hy · Cited by 2
Talluri, S., Palaparthi, S. M., Barmak, A. B., & Khan, J. (2021) · Orthodontic Waves · doi:10.1080/13440241.2021.1951515 · Cited by 1
Andrade‐Romo, Z., Hera-Fuentes, G. L., Ochoa-Sánchez, L. E., Chavira-Razo, L., Arámburo-Muro, T., Castro-León, L., Amaya‐Tapia, G., Andrade-Pérez, J. S., & Bautista-Arredondo, S. A. (2024) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2023.2299322 · Cited by 1
Addressing methodological concerns in omega-3 trial for bipolar disorder relapse prevention
Zailani, H., Chang, J.-P.-C., Chiu, W., Chang, C.-J., & Su, K. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115947 · Cited by 1
The Effectiveness of Education and Fear Appeal to Prevent Spear Phishing Attacks
Alsulami, S., & Dupuis, M. (2024) · Cyber Awareness and Research Symposium (CARS) · doi:10.1109/cars61786.2024.10778693 · Cited by 1
Díaz, M. E. G., Heredia, M. E. R., López-Peñaloza, J., de la Torre, A. E. H., Loyo, L. M. S., & Reyes-Ortega, M. A. (2025) · Revista de Psicología y Educación - Journal of Psychology and Education · doi:10.70478/rpye.2025.20.04 · Cited by 1
Knes, A. S., Lowder, E. M., Thai, M. L., Reuter, S. M., & Kent, A. R. (2025) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1111/lcrp.12305 · Cited by 2
Hollway, J. A., Pan, X., Wong, T., Williams, C. E., James, C., & Arnold, L. E. (2025) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2025.202603 · Cited by 1
Chimoriya, R., James, S., Kritharides, L., Sen, S., Behdasht, S., Suryawanshi, A., Davie, H., Thillainadesan, J., Elias, N., & Aitken, S. (2025) · Annals of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2025.05.011 · Cited by 2
Does a Short Gratitude Intervention Impact Cardiovascular Reactivity to Stress?
Leavy, B., O’Connell, B. H., & O’Shea, D. E. (2025) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-025-00922-3 · Cited by 1
Antiri, E. O., Hormenu, T., Ocansey, S., & Ansah, E. W. (2025) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-025-02887-z · Cited by 1
Liu, S. Z., Cheing, G. L. Y., & Kannan, P. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-107751 · Cited by 1
Alnasralla, M. B., & Nasralla, B. H. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.100612 · Cited by 2
A Decade of Pharmacogenetic Studies in Jordan: A Systemic Review
Yehya, A., & Altaany, Z. (2021) · The Pharmacogenomics Journal · doi:10.1038/s41397-021-00236-6 · Cited by 1
Real world evidence studies: Perspective on study design and regulatory framework for RWE
Hathial, M., Bhat, P., Hathial, C., Makwana, J., Yadav, B., George, A., & Nandgiri, G. (2023) · World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/wjarr.2023.19.1.1280 · Cited by 1
Napredne kvantitativne raziskovalne metode v zdravstveni negi
Gosak, L., Cilar, L., Watson, R. A., & Štiglic, G. (2025) · doi:10.18690/um.fzv.1.2025 · Cited by 1
Beyond statistical power in designing clinical trials: Shiny/R apps to the rescue
Sandoval, P., Vilaprinyó, E., Alves, R., & Albert Sorribas, B. (2025) · Teaching Statistics · doi:10.1111/test.12403 · Cited by 1
Fashafsheh, N., & Elhaty, I. A. (2025) · SAGE Open Nursing · doi:10.1177/23779608251342751 · Cited by 1
Carretta, L. T. A., Gonçalves, O. R., Almeida, L. G. S., Souza, S., Fukunaga, C. K., Bezerra, F. B., dos Santos, L. F. S. A. N., Teixeira, P. R., Andrade, Í. B., Marques, F. C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis · doi:10.1007/s11239-025-03131-0 · Cited by 1
Oluyase, A. O., Raistrick, D., Hughes, E. A., & Lloyd, C. (2019) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-019-00861-z · Cited by 1
Current Status of N-of-1 Trials for Herbal Medicine -Literature Review
Jeung, C.-W., Jeon, S.-W., & Jo, H.-G. (2020) · 대한한의학회지 · doi:10.13048/jkm.20008 · Cited by 1
Clinical Trials Developed in Brazil on Covid-19: What Is Being Researched?
Laureano, I. C. C., Cavalcanti, A. F. C., & Cavalcanti, A. L. (2020) · Shiraz E-Medical Journal · doi:10.5812/semj.109059 · Cited by 1
Improving clinical trial efficiency with machine learning models of disease progression
Beaulieu, D., Taylor, A. A., Pierce, D., Cuerdo, J., Schactman, M., Keymer, M., & Ennist, D. L. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816475-4.00005-7 · Cited by 1
Research in Homoeopathy: Building a base using quality evidence
Jani, N. J. (2022) · Journal of Integrated Standardized Homoeopathy · doi:10.25259/jish_16_2022 · Cited by 1
Thangaraj, P., Oikonomou, E. K., Dhingra, L. S., Aminorroaya, A., Jayaram, R., Suchard, M. A., & Khera, R. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.05.15.24306285 · Cited by 1
Park, J., Vuong, Q., Yan, Y., Kittredge, S., & Metcalfe, R. (2025) · doi:10.12688/verixiv.867.1 · Cited by 1
Neto, L. T., Wambier, L. M., & Chibinski, A. C. R. (2025) · The Saudi Dental Journal · doi:10.1007/s44445-025-00017-y
“Despite their importance, issues in the methodology and study design can introduce bias, random error, or limit the generalizability of RCTs (Spieth et al. 2016; Wambier et al. 2022).”
Clinical Trials and Their Principles in Urologic Oncology
Brookman-May, S. D., Mir, M. C., May, M., & Klatte, T. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42603-7_54-1
Mahdavian, M., Brothers, C., Asghari, S., Mallay, S., & Pike, J. C. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Respiratory Critical Care and Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/24745332.2018.1514988
Pierce, E. J. (2018) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3126
Mariane Lutz, R., Marcelo Arancibia, M., & Stojanova, J. (2019) · Medwave · doi:10.5867/medwave.2019.06.7664
Part II: Statistics in practice: Statistics overview
Rodriguez, R. W., & Touchette, D. R. (2020) · JACCP JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY · doi:10.1002/jac5.1214
Arain, M. A., Haider, A. H., & Hashmi, Z. G. (2020) · Success in academic surgery · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35488-6_9
Author Response: AAN Position Statement: Ethical Issues in Clinical Research in Neurology
Tolchin, B. D., CONWIT, R. A., Epstein, L. G., & Russell, J. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000011475
Randomized Controlled Trials: Informing Clinical Practice for Traumatically Injured Patients
Reitz, K. M., Althouse, A. D., & Sperry, J. L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53606-0_40
Are the Subgroup Analyses in Stroke Clinical Trials Credible? – Protocol for a Systematic ReviewPreprint
Ademola, A., Hildebrand, K. A., Babatunde, S., Mazzei, D. R., Hill, M. D., Thabane, L., & Sajobi, T. T. (2021) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-137730/v1
Rubeis, G. D., Pampana, E., Prosperini, L., Fabiano, S., Bertaccini, L., Anticoli, S., Saba, L., Gasperini, C., & Cotroneo, E. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.05.12.21257077
Evaluation of Different Therapies in Indian Patients with Chronic Urticaria
Patil, A., & Bingewar, G. (2021) · Medical Journal of Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth · doi:10.4103/mjdrdypu.mjdrdypu_243_20
Clinical Trials on COVID-19: What is Being Researched in the United States?
Laureano, I. C. C., & Cavalcanti, A. L. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.98494
Mulungu, K., Katumba, P., Parkes-Ratanshi, R. M., Twimukye, A., Castelnuovo, B., Nanvuma, A., & Akileng, G. (2021) · Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1186/s13731-021-00188-y
Bollo, J., Fernández–Ananín, S., & Targarona, E. M. (2021) · Cirugía Española · doi:10.1016/j.ciresp.2021.11.009
Clinical Trials and Their Principles in Urologic Oncology
Brookman-May, S. D., Mir, M. C., May, M., & Klatte, T. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42623-5_54
(2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386935-7.09998-9
Rubeis, G. D., Pampana, E., Prosperini, L., Pezzella, F. R., Fabiano, S., Bertaccini, L., Anticoli, S., Saba, L., Gasperini, C., & Cotroneo, E. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1587281/v1
Teixeira-Neto, N. C., Azevedo-Cavalcanti, R. T., Monte-da-Silva, M. G. N., & Gama, A. E. F. D. (2022) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70601-2_125
Statistics, data collection and management, and record keeping
DeRenzo, E. G., Singer, E. A., & Moss, J. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386935-7.00012-8
Bollo, J., Fernández–Ananín, S., & Targarona, E. M. (2022) · Cirugía Española (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.cireng.2022.05.004
[Extensions of guidelines for reporting types of study in medicine].
Dávila-Mendoza, R., & López-Ortiz, G. (2022) · PubMed Central
Nicholls, D. L., Xu, M., Kaneswaran, L., Grant, B., Brown, M. C., Shapiro, J. D., Karapetis, C. S., Simes, J. R., Jonker, D. J., Tu, D., et al. (2022) · Revue d intelligence artificielle · doi:10.18280/ria.360612
Kamp, C. B., Olsen, M. H., Nielsen, N., Lange, T., Mbuagbaw, L. C. E., Thabane, L., Billot, L., Binder, N., Garattini, S. K., Banzi, R., et al. (2023) · Health Services Insights · doi:10.1177/11786329231166519
Chen, Z., Wang, X., Gao, N., Chen, X., Zeng, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, S., Guan, H., & Wang, X. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2933782/v1
Ensayos clínicos explicativos y pragmáticos
Rico, C. L. V. (2023) · Acta Médica Colombiana · doi:10.36104/amc.2023.2614
Chen, A., Li, Q., Shenkman, E. A., Wu, Y., Guo, Y. M., & Bian, J. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI) · doi:10.1109/ichi57859.2023.00139
Recovery in long-term mental health care
Zomer, L. J. C. (2023) · doi:10.5463/thesis.432
Wang, C., Chen, A., He, X., Balian, P., George, T. J., Wang, F., Bian, J., & Guo, Y. M. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.04.03.24305265
Bias in Pharmacoepidemiology: Understanding and Mitigating Challenges
Noah, A. A. (2024) · Journal of the Medical Research Institute /Journal of Medical Research Institute · doi:10.21608/jmalexu.2024.279832.1016
Students’ Public success and private breakdown?
Liow, Z. (2023) · FormAkademisk - forskningstidsskrift for design og designdidaktikk · doi:10.7577/formakademisk.5551
Rostami-Maskopaee, F., Asadi-Aliabadi, M., Moosazadeh, M., Ladomenou, F., Rezai, R., Hajialibeig, A., & Rezai, M. S. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4834021
The use of homeopathy in veterinary medicine: a systematic review
Bez, I. C. C., de Paula, G. Z., Revers, N. B. M., de Oliveira, A. C. D. F., Wéber, H., Sotomaior, C. S., & Costa, L. B. (2024) · Semina Ciências Agrárias · doi:10.5433/1679-0359.2024v45n3p783
Advanced Quantitative Research Methods in Nursing
Gosak, L., Cilar, L., Watson, R. A., & Štiglic, G. (2024) · doi:10.18690/um.fzv.2.2024 · Cited by 1
Gangadhar, A., Hasjim, B. J., Zhao, X., Sun, Y., Chon, J., Sidhu, A., Jaeckel, E., Selzner, N., Cattral, M. S., Sayed, B. A., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.11.01.24316601
Gil‐Sierra, M. D., Briceño-Casado, M. D. P., & Moreno-Ramos, C. (2024) · Farmacia Hospitalaria · doi:10.1016/j.farma.2024.10.006
Research methodology: Primary versus secondary studies
Ghajarzadeh, M., & Vieira, M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13428-9.00002-1
Swank, J. M., & Minton, C. A. B. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394347391.ref
Gil‐Sierra, M. D., Briceño-Casado, M. D. P., & Moreno-Ramos, C. (2025) · Farmacia Hospitalaria · doi:10.1016/j.farma.2025.01.003
Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit nicht‐ablativer und ablativer Laser bei Aknenarben: Eine Metaanalyse
Ke, R., Cai, B., Ni, X., Lin, Q., Chen, L., Xie, Y., Wan, X., Shan, X., & Wang, B. (2025) · JDDG Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft · doi:10.1111/ddg.15651_g
Atkin-Jones, T., Ali, M., Eze-Onuorah, A. C. J., Ifeanacho, E., Khosravirad, A., Madden, K., Sadeghirad, B., & Mbuagbaw, L. C. E. (2025) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-025-01655-z
Miller, E., Begg, S. J., & Lee, P. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009522342.009
Udofia, A., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Kidney and Dialysis · doi:10.3390/kidneydial5020024
Randomized control trials: Design, measures, and classic examples
Fayad, F. H., Rangwala, M., Guermazi, D., Zaidat, K., Alemara, H., Ramlaoui, D., Fayad, N. K., & Fayad, N. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90391-2.00041-5
Gold, A. S. (2025) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2025.2523542 · Cited by 1
Leiva-Escobar, I., Scherkl, C., Haefeli, W. E., & Meid, A. D. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-089218
Yehualashet, F. A., Kessler, D., Bizuneh, S., & Donnelly, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26703463
Kim, M., Jeon, M., Lee, Y., Lee, Y., 유소은, Lee, S., Kim, H., Cho, C., Cho, C.-Y., Hur, J., et al. (2026) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-026-09779-0
Inferring Structural Causal Models from Data with Grammatical Evolution
Doz, R., Randone, F., Bortolussi, L., & Medvet, E. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-36229-2_8
Penella, G. M., & López-Mas, R. (2026) · History & Philosophy of the Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s40656-026-00759-w
Mengistu, G. (2026) · Precision Medical Sciences · doi:10.1002/prm2.70052
Metadata
- Authors
- Siepmann, T., Spieth, P. M., Kubasch, A. S., Penzlin, A. I., Illigens, B. M.-W., & Barlinn, K.
- Affiliations
- John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
- Dresden International University (DE)
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus (DE)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Siepmann, Timo
- Venue
- Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 1341
- ISSN
- 1176-6328 (ISSN-L)
- 1178-2021
- PMC
- PMC4910682
- OpenAlex
- W2410316792
- Cited by
- 292
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
- Keywords
- randomized controlled trials, trial design, critical appraisal, equipoise, CONSORT statement, clinical trial registration, conflicts of interest, interim analysis, clinical trial reporting, end points, critical care research, brain research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
