The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel group randomized trials

Moher, David; Schulz, Kenneth F; Altman, Douglas G

doi:10.1186/1471-2288-1-2

Cited by 2,755Meta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods in Clinical TrialsAcademic Publishing and Open Access

The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel group randomized trials

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Moher, David, Schulz, Kenneth F, Altman, Douglas G·2001·BMC Medical Research Methodology

DOI 10.1186/1471-2288-1-2PMC PMC32201

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Abstract

To comprehend the results of a randomized controlled trial (RCT), readers must understand its design, conduct, analysis and interpretation. That goal can only be achieved through complete transparency from authors. Despite several decades of educational efforts, the reporting of RCTs needs improvement. Investigators and editors developed the original CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) statement to help authors improve reporting by using a checklist and flow diagram. The revised CONSORT statement presented in this paper incorporates new evidence and addresses some criticisms of the original statement.The checklist items pertain to the content of the Title, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion. The revised checklist includes 22-items selected because empirical evidence indicates that not reporting the information is associated with biasedestimates of treatment effect or the information is essential to judge the reliability or relevance of the findings. We intended the flow diagram to depict the passage of participants through an RCT. The revised flow diagram depicts information from four stages of a trial (enrollment, intervention allocation, follow-up, and analysis). The diagram explicitly includes the number of participants, for each intervention group, included in the primary data analysis. Inclusion of these numbers allows the reader to judge whether the authors have performed an intention-to-treat analysis.In sum, the CONSORT statement is intended to improve the reporting of an RCT, enabling readers to understand a trial's conduct and to assess the validity of its results.

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Risk of bias of individual studies was assessed using six criteria adapted from STROBE and CONSORT, with two reviewers independently assigning scores.
“Six criterion were adapted from the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement 42 and the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement to assess risk of bias of individual studies.43”
From Domain-Specific Physical Activity and Mental Health: A Meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [43]
The study follows the CONSORT statement, CONSORT-EHEALTH, and SPIRIT guidelines.
“The study follows the CONSORT statement (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) [54, 55], CONSORT-EHEALTH [56] and SPIRIT guidelines (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) [57, 58].”
From Protocol for a randomized controlled dismantling study of an internet-based intervention for depressive symptoms: Exploring the contribution of behavioral activation and positive psychotherapy strategies (2019) · cites this paper as [54]
In accordance with CONSORT guidelines, randomisation will occur after participants have completed their baseline measures.
“In accordance with CONSORT guidelines [54], randomisation will occur after participants have completed their baseline measures.”
From Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (2014) · cites this paper as [54]
The CONSORT checklist (Table 1, page not available) asks trial reports to describe randomization and baseline characteristics. Neither it nor the passages found by searching for baseline assessment and allocation timing say that participants should complete baseline measures before randomization. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Mindfulness and hypnosis appear to help alleviate pain via corticothalamic modulation of ascending nociceptive input.
“However, mindfulness and hypnosis appear to help alleviate pain via corticothalamic modulation of ascending nociceptive input.[90][91][92][93]”
From Mind-Body Therapies for Opioid-Treated Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [92]

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Huston P, Hoey J: CMAJ endorses the CONSORT statement. CMAJ 1996, 155:1277-1279
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The Revised CONSORT Statement for Reporting Randomized Trials: Explanation and Elaboration
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AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care
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A tutorial on pilot studies: the what, why and how
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Core outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations
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Consort 2010 statement: extension to cluster randomised trials
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Improving the reporting quality of nonrandomized evaluations of behavioral and public health interventions: The TREND statement
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Reporting of Noninferiority and Equivalence Randomized Trials: Extension of the CONSORT 2010 Statement
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CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
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Extending the CONSORT statement to randomized trials of nonpharmacologic treatment: explanation and elaboration
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Investigating and dealing with publication and other biases in meta-analysis
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CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
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Intention-to-treat concept: A review
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Adjuvant Whole-Brain Radiotherapy Versus Observation After Radiosurgery or Surgical Resection of One to Three Cerebral Metastases: Results of the EORTC 22952-26001 Study
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CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
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“Further methodological research on similar topics reinforced earlier findings [15] and fed into the revision of 2001 [6-8].”
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Empirical Evidence for Selective Reporting of Outcomes in Randomized Trials: Comparison of Protocols to Published Articles
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Why Don’t We See More Translation of Health Promotion Research to Practice? Rethinking the Efficacy-to-Effectiveness Transition
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Improving the reporting of pragmatic trials: An extension of the CONSORT statement
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Bayesian Approaches to Clinical Trials and Health‐Care Evaluation
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The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies
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Better Reporting of Harms in Randomized Trials: An Extension of the CONSORT Statement
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Methodological quality (risk of bias) assessment tools for primary and secondary medical studies: what are they and which is better?
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Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adults
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Mind the hype: a critical evaluation and prescriptive agenda for research on mindfulness and meditation
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Prospective Randomized Study of Doxorubicin-Eluting-Bead Embolization in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Results of the PRECISION V Study
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Guidance for Developers of Health Research Reporting Guidelines
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Development and validation of an international appraisal instrument for assessing the quality of clinical practice guidelines: the AGREE project
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REporting recommendations for tumour MARKer prognostic studies (REMARK).
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Designing and evaluating complex interventions to improve health care
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Systematically reviewing qualitative and quantitative evidence to inform management and policy-making in the health field
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Standards of Evidence: Criteria for Efficacy, Effectiveness and Dissemination
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A Meta-analytic Review of Components Associated with Parent Training Program Effectiveness
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Fundamental Movement Skills in Children and Adolescents: Review of Associated Health Benefits
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How important are comprehensive literature searches and the assessment of trial quality in systematic reviews? Empirical study
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A call for transparent reporting to optimize the predictive value of preclinical research
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Do “brain-training” programs work?
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Physical activity level and health-related quality of life in the general adult population: a systematic review
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Efficacy and safety of the weight-loss drug rimonabant: a meta-analysis of randomised trials
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Identifying and Avoiding Bias in Research
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Evidence-Based Public Health: Moving Beyond Randomized Trials
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Designing Randomized, Controlled Trials Aimed at Preventing or Delaying Functional Decline and Disability in Frail, Older Persons: A Consensus Report
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Association Between Funding and Quality of Published Medical Education Research
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The effectiveness of exercise interventions for people with Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
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Epidemiology and reporting characteristics of systematic reviews.
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RAMESES II reporting standards for realist evaluations
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Surgery versus Prolonged Conservative Treatment for Sciatica
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Alveolar bone dimensional changes of post‐extraction sockets in humans: a systematic review
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Scales to Assess the Quality of Randomized Controlled Trials: A Systematic Review
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Comparison of Treatment Effects between Animal Experiments and Clinical Trials: Systematic Review
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Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction and Mindfulness‐Based Cognitive Therapy – a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
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STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association Studies (STREGA)— An Extension of the STROBE Statement
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Effect of a Pharmacy Care Program on Medication Adherence and Persistence, Blood Pressure, and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
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Systematic Review: Opioid Treatment for Chronic Back Pain: Prevalence, Efficacy, and Association with Addiction
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Systematic reviews of evaluations of prognostic variables
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Enhancing the Quality of Life of Dementia Caregivers from Different Ethnic or Racial Groups: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
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Domain-Specific Physical Activity and Mental Health: A Meta-analysis
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Systematic Review: Vitamin D and Cardiometabolic Outcomes
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An overview of clinical research: the lay of the land
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Mid-urethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women
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Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: The STARD Initiative.
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Early Detection of Superficial Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Head and Neck Region and Esophagus by Narrow Band Imaging: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
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Subgroup analyses in randomized trials: risks of subgroup-specific analyses;
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Shared Treatment Decision Making Improves Adherence and Outcomes in Poorly Controlled Asthma
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CONSORT for reporting randomized controlled trials in journal and conference abstracts: explanation and elaboration
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The Health Benefits of Muscular Fitness for Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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Neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of estrogen: Basic mechanisms and clinical implications
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A 26-week, randomized, parallel, treat-to-target trial comparing insulin detemir with NPH insulin as add-on therapy to oral glucose-lowering drugs in insulin-naive people with type 2 diabetes
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Does use of the CONSORT Statement impact the completeness of reporting of randomised controlled trials published in medical journals? A Cochrane reviewa
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Randomized Clinical Trial of Lumbar Instrumented Fusion and Cognitive Intervention and Exercises in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain and Disc Degeneration
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Observational and interventional study design types; an overview
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Framework, principles and recommendations for utilising participatory methodologies in the co-creation and evaluation of public health interventions
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The CONSORT statement: Revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomized trials 2001
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The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials
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The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel group randomized trials. Moher D, Schulze KF, Altman D, for the CONSORT Group. JAMA 2001;285:1987–1991.
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BMC Medical Research Methodology (2001) 1:2 Consensus statement The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel group randomized trials
Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., & Altman, D. G. (2001)
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The CONSORT Statement: Revised Recommendations for Improving the Quality of Reports of Parallel-Group Randomised Trials. The Lancet
Moher, D., Kenneth, M., Schulz, F., Altman, D. G., & For The Consort Group (2016)
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Authors: Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., & Altman, D. G.
Affiliations: University of Ottawa (CA)
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
University of Oxford (GB)
Corresponding author: Moher, David
Schulz, Kenneth F
Altman, Douglas G
ORCID: Moher, David
Schulz, Kenneth F
Altman, Douglas G
Venue: BMC Medical Research Methodology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2001-04-20
Volume: 1
Issue: 1
Pages: 2-2
ISSN: 1471-2288 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-1-2
PMC: PMC32201
OpenAlex: W1501619595
Cited by: 2,755
References: 175
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 124 · 2018: 102 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 120 · 2015: 146 · 2014: 149 · 2013: 138 · 2012: 152
FWCI: 99.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: BMC Medical Research Methodology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Abbott Laboratories
Wellcome Trust
U.S. National Library of Medicine
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Academic Publishing and Open Access
Keywords: CONSORT statement, reporting quality, randomized controlled trials, reporting guidelines, reporting checklist, flowcharts, intention-to-treat analysis, clinical trial transparency, bias in treatment effect estimates
MeSH terms: Humans, Publishing, Quality Control, Reproducibility of Results, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

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The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel group randomized trials

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