The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Near-infrared photonic energy penetration: can infrared phototherapy effectively reach the human brain?
Open accessAbstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a growing health concern effecting civilians and military personnel. Research has yielded a better understanding of the pathophysiology of TBI, but effective treatments have not been forthcoming. Near-infrared light (NIR) has shown promise in animal models of both TBI and stroke. Yet, it remains unclear if sufficient photonic energy can be delivered to the human brain to yield a beneficial effect. This paper reviews the pathophysiology of TBI and elaborates the physiological effects of NIR in the context of this pathophysiology. Pertinent aspects of the physical properties of NIR, particularly in regards to its interactions with tissue, provide the background for understanding this critical issue of light penetration through tissue. Our recent tissue studies demonstrate no penetration of low level NIR energy through 2 mm of skin or 3 cm of skull and brain. However, at 10-15 W, 0.45%-2.90% of 810 nm light penetrated 3 cm of tissue. A 15 W 810 nm device (continuous or non-pulsed) NIR delivered 2.9% of the surface power density. Pulsing at 10 Hz reduced the dose of light delivered to the surface by 50%, but 2.4% of the surface energy reached the depth of 3 cm. Approximately 1.22% of the energy of 980 nm light at 10-15 W penetrated to 3 cm. These data are reviewed in the context of the literature on low-power NIR penetration, wherein less than half of 1% of the surface energy could reach a depth of 1 cm. NIR in the power range of 10-15 W at 810 and 980 nm can provide fluence within the range shown to be biologically beneficial at 3 cm depth. A companion paper reviews the clinical data on the treatment of patients with chronic TBI in the context of the current literature.
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Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: Progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury
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The impact of traumatic brain injuries: A global perspective
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Inflammation after trauma: Microglial activation and traumatic brain injury
Ramlackhansingh, A. F., Brooks, D. J., Greenwood, R. J., Bose, S. K., Turkheimer, F. E., Kinnunen, K. M., Gentleman, S., Heckemann, R. A., Gunanayagam, K., Gelosa, G., et al. (2011) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.22455 · Cited by 999
The molecular pathophysiology of concussive brain injury
Barkhoudarian, G., Hovda, D. A., & Giza, C. C. (2011) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.csm.2010.09.001 · Cited by 492 · cited 2×
“The consequences of increased free radicals can be far-reaching including propagation of additional free radicals, breakdown of lipids within membranes,(34) edema, inflammation, and DNA damage.(18,35) Neuroinflammation is an additional and incompletely understood mechanism in TBI.”
Optical properties of human skin
Lister, T., Wright, P. A., & Chappell, P. H. (2012) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.jbo.17.9.090901 · Cited by 467
The pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury at a glance
Prins, M., Greco, T., Alexander, D., & Giza, C. C. (2013) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.011585 · Cited by 426 · cited 2×
“This energy crisis promotes the increased concentration of free radicals, due to increased pentose phosphate metabolism, reduced mitochondrial function, and impaired free radical scavenger mechanisms.(19) The consequences of increased free radicals can be far-reaching including propagation of additional free radicals,…”
Choi, J. J., Pernot, M., Brown, T. R., Small, S. A., & Konofagou, E. E. (2007) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/0031-9155/52/18/004 · Cited by 141
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In vivo fluorescence imaging: success in preclinical imaging paves the way for clinical applications
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Metadata
- Authors
- Henderson, T. A., & Morries, L.
- Venue
- Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 2191
- ISSN
- 1176-6328 (ISSN-L)
- 1178-2021
- OpenAlex
- W1872608557
- Cited by
- 430
- References
- 8
- FWCI
- 20.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
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