Physiochemical Properties and Cytotoxicity of a Benzalkonium Chloride-Free, Micellar Emulsion Ophthalmic Formulation of Latanoprost
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: Prostaglandin derivatives are used widely to reduce intraocular pressure associated with open-angle glaucoma. The most widely used prostaglandin derivative, latanoprost, is available in an ophthalmic solution that is solubilized and preserved with 0.02% benzalkonium chloride (BAK), which has been shown to be cytotoxic to corneal cells. Latanoprost ophthalmic solution with BAK requires specific storage temperatures, which can impact the supply cycle. Here, we describe the production, physicochemical characteristics, and cytotoxicity profile of a micelle formulation that solubilizes latanoprost without the need for BAK. METHODS: The optimum concentration of castor oil with the surfactant polyethylene glycol (15) hydroxystearate was determined, and the mixture stirred. Various surfactants were tested to determine the ideal mixture to form a micelle formulation. Viscosity, zeta potential, surface tension, droplet size, and osmolality of the batches were tested. The cytotoxicity of the micelle formulation was determined in a corneal cell viability assay that compared positive and negative controls, latanoprost without BAK, latanoprost with BAK, and placebo. RESULTS: A castor oil concentration of 0.15% produced a micelle formulation with a diameter of <100 nm. This micelle formulation had unique characteristics that were not mimicked when either the surfactant or the oil was changed. The physicochemical characteristics in multiple batches of the micelle formulation did not vary significantly between batches. Long-term and accelerated stability studies showed latanoprost potency remained constant for 24 months at 25°C/75% relative humidity (RH) and at 40°C/25% RH for 6 months. CONCLUSION: The micelle formulation technology system is capable of solubilizing latanoprost in an ophthalmic formulation without the need for BAK. The system is stable at room temperature.
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Latanoprost maintained efficacy for 24 months at 25°C/75% RH and at 40°C/25% RH for 6 months in a novel micellar formulation.
“Pharmacological studies have shown that latanoprost maintained efficacy for 24 months at 25 °C/75 % relative humidity (RH) and at 40 °C/25 % RH for 6 months, affirming its suitability via this formulation [159].”
From From design to Deployment: The innovative role of nanomicelles in targeted ophthalmic therapeutics (2025) · cites this paper as [159]
The Abstract Results report constant latanoprost potency for 24 months at 25°C/75% RH and six months at 40°C/25% RH. However, the Methods and Results give 25°C/40% RH for the 24-month test, and the stability measurements concern drug potency, not clinical efficacy. The cited paper therefore supports formulation stability but not the claim as stated. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Halder, A., & Khopade, A. J.
- Corresponding author
- Halder, Arindam
- Khopade, Ajay J
- Venue
- Clinical ophthalmology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- Volume 14
- Pages
- 3057-3064
- ISSN
- 1177-5467 (ISSN-L)
- 1177-5483
- PMC
- PMC7548341
- OpenAlex
- W3091803465
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 0.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical ophthalmology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Sun Pharma
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Surfactants and Colloidal Systems
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ocular Surface and Contact Lens
- Keywords
- latanoprost, ophthalmic preparations, castor oil, surfactant selection, solubilization, stability testing, accelerated stability testing, zeta potential, droplet size, osmolality, prostaglandin analogues, open-angle glaucoma, intraocular pressure
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