CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 50

Regulation in the face of uncertainty: the evidence on electronic nicotine delivery systems (e-cigarettes)

Farsalinos, Konstantinos, LeHouezec, Jacques·2015·Risk Management and Healthcare Policy
DOI 10.2147/rmhp.s62116PMC PMC4598199
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2147/rmhp.s62116

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The harmful effects of cigarette smoking are caused by exposure to some of the 8700 or more identified chemical constituents, some of which contribute to disease development.

    “It is now generally accepted that the harmful effects of cigarette smoking are caused by exposure to some of the 8700 or more identified chemical constituents [6–11], some of which contribute to disease development.”

    From A Randomised Study to Investigate the Nicotine Pharmacokinetics of Oral Nicotine Pouches and a Combustible Cigarette (2022) · cites this paper as [6]

    The Tobacco harm reduction section says cigarette smoke contains toxic substances produced by combustion and that most cigarette toxicity is related to burning. The Introduction links smoking to chronic diseases. Neither passage supports the specific figure of 8,700 or more identified chemical constituents; a search for that figure found no supporting passage in our copy. Page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 75

  1. [3]George TP Weinberger AH Monoamine oxidase inhibition for tobacco pharmacotherapy Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008 83 4 619 621 18091758 PMC3685473
  2. [4]Berlin I Saïd S Spreux-Varoquaux O Olivares R Launay JM Puech AJ Monoamine oxidase A and B activities in heavy smokers Biol Psychiatr 1995 38 756 761 8580230
  3. [5]Benowitz NL Nicotine addiction N Engl J Med 2010 362 24 2295 2303 20554984 PMC2928221
  4. [7]Jha P Avoidable global cancer deaths and total deaths from smoking Nat Rev Cancer 2009 9 9 655 664 19693096
  5. [8]Doll R Peto R Boreham J Sutherland I Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observation on male British doctors BMJ 2004 328 7455 1519 15213107 PMC437139
  6. [9]Pirie K Peto R Reeves GK Green J Beral V Million Women Study Collaborators The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: a prospective study of one million women in the UK Lancet 2013 381 9861 133 141 23107252 PMC3547248
  7. [10]Le Houezec J Role of nicotine pharmacokinetics in nicotine addiction and nicotine replacement therapy: a review Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003 7 811 819 12971663
  8. [12]Cummings KM Hyland A Giovino GA Hastrup JL Bauer JE Bansal MA Are smokers adequately informed about the health risks of smoking and medicinal nicotine? Nicotine Tob Res 2004 6 Suppl 3 S333 S340 15799596
  9. [13]Siahpush M McNeill A Borland R Fong G Socioeconomic variations in nicotine dependence, self-efficacy and intention to quit across four countries: findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey Tob Control 2006 15 Suppl III iii71 iii75 16754950 PMC2593052
  10. [14]Le Houezec J McNeill A Britton J Tobacco, nicotine and harm reduction Drug Alcohol Rev 2011 30 2 119 123 21375611
  11. [16]Benowitz NL Smokeless tobacco as a nicotine delivery device: harm or harm reduction? Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011 90 4 491 493 21934719
  12. [17]Murray RP Bailey WC Daniels K Safety of nicotine polacrilex gum used by 3,094 participants in the Lung Health Study. Lung Health Study Research Group Chest 1996 109 2 438 445 8620719
  13. [18]Benowitz NL Gourlay SG Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: implications for nicotine replacement therapy J Am Coll Cardiol 1997 29 7 1422 1431 9180099
  14. [21]Gray N Boyle P The future of the nicotine-addiction market Lancet 2003 362 9387 845 846 13678968
  15. [22]King BA Alam S Promoff G Arrazola R Dube SR Awareness and ever-use of electronic cigarettes among US. adults, 2010–2011 Nicotine Tob Res 2013 15 9 1623 1627 23449421 PMC4570561
  16. [23]Dockrell M Morrison R Bauld L McNeill A E-cigarettes: prevalence and attitudes in Great Britain Nicotine Tob Res 2013 15 10 1737 1744 23703732 PMC3768337
  17. [24]Adkison SE O’Connor RJ Bansal-Travers M Electronic nicotine delivery systems: international tobacco control four-country survey Am J Prev Med 2013 44 3 207 215 23415116 PMC3627474
  18. [26]Zhu SH Sun JY Bonnevie E Four hundred and sixty brands of e-cigarettes and counting: implications for product regulation Tob Control 2014 23 Suppl 3 iii3 iii9 24935895 PMC4078673
  19. [27]Farsalinos KE Romagna G Tsiapras D Kyrzopoulos S Spyrou A Voudris V Impact of flavour variability on electronic cigarette use experience: an internet survey Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013 10 12 7272 7282 24351746 PMC3881166
  20. [28]Buchhalter AR Acosta MC Evans SE Breland AB Eissenberg T Tobacco abstinence symptom suppression: the role played by the smoking-related stimuli that are delivered by denicotinized cigarettes Addiction 2005 100 4 550 559 15784070
  21. [29]Vansickel AR Cobb CO Weaver MF Eissenberg TE A clinical laboratory model for evaluating the acute effects of electronic “cigarettes”: nicotine delivery profile and cardiovascular and subjective effects Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010 19 8 1945 1953 20647410 PMC2919621
  22. [30]Bullen C McRobbie H Thornley S Glover M Lin R Laugesen M Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e cigarette) on desire to smoke and withdrawal, user preferences and nicotine delivery: randomised cross-over trial Tob Control 2010 19 2 98 103 20378585
  23. [31]Farsalinos KE Spyrou A Tsimopoulou K Stefopoulos C Romagna G Voudris V Nicotine absorption from electronic cigarette use: comparison between first and new-generation devices Sci Rep 2014 4 4133 24569565 PMC3935206
  24. [32]Farsalinos KE Spyrou A Stefopoulos C Nicotine absorption from electronic cigarette use: comparison between experienced consumers (vapers) and naïve users (smokers) Sci Rep 2015 5 11269 26082330 PMC4469966
  25. [33]Fairchild AL Bayer R Colgrove J The renormalization of smoking? E-cigarettes and the tobacco “endgame” N Engl J Med 2014 370 4 293 295 24350902
  26. [34]Jollye L E-cigarettes in the UK: a more inclusive debate is needed Lancet 2014 384 9954 1576 25443489
  27. [35]Harris JK Moreland-Russell S Choucair B Mansour R Staub M Simmons K Tweeting for and against public health policy: response to the Chicago Department of Public Health’s electronic cigarette Twitter campaign J Med Internet Res 2014 16 10 e238 25320863 PMC4210950
  28. [36]McKee M Chapman S Daube M Glantz S The debate on electronic cigarettes Lancet 2014 384 9960 2107 25497194
  29. [37]Etter JF E-cigarettes: methodological and ideological issues and research priorities BMC Med 2015 13 32 25856794 PMC4330977
  30. [38]McNeill A Etter JF Farsalinos K Hajek P le Houezec J McRobbie H A critique of a World Health Organization-commissioned report and associated paper on electronic cigarettes Addiction 2014 109 12 2128 2134 25196419
  31. [39]Farsalinos KE Polosa R Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review Ther Adv Drug Saf 2014 5 2 67 86 25083263 PMC4110871
  32. [41]Hajek P Etter JF Benowitz N Eissenberg T McRobbie H Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit Addiction 2014 109 11 1801 1810 25078252 PMC4487785
  33. [42]Tremblay MC Pluye P Gore G Granikov V Filion KB Eisenberg MJ Regulation profiles of e-cigarettes in the United States: a critical review with qualitative synthesis BMC Med 2015 13 1 130 26041672 PMC4480885
  34. [43]Gourdet CK Chriqui JF Chaloupka FJ A baseline understanding of state laws governing e-cigarettes Tob Control 2014 23 Suppl 3 iii37 iii40 24935897 PMC4078672
  35. [44]Farsalinos KE Romagna G Tsiapras D Kyrzopoulos S Voudris V Characteristics, perceived side effects and benefits of electronic cigarette use: a worldwide survey of more than 19,000 consumers Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014 11 4 4356 4373 24758891 PMC4025024
  36. [45]Grandjean P Bailar JC Gee D Implications of the Precautionary Principle in research and policy-making Am J Ind Med 2004 45 4 382 385 15029572
  37. [48]Peterson M The precautionary principle should not be used as a basis for decision-making. Talking point on the precautionary principle EMBO Rep 2007 8 4 305 308 17401402 PMC1852769
  38. [49]Goldstein BD Carruth RS Implications of the Precautionary Principle: is it a threat to science? Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2004 17 1 153 161 15212219
  39. [50]ter Meulen RH The ethical basis of the precautionary principle in health care decision making Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005 207 2 Suppl 663 667 15993912
  40. [51]Peterson M The precautionary principle is incoherent Risk Anal 2006 26 3 595 601 16834620
  41. [52]Bell K Stimson GV Nicotine: science, regulation and policy Int J Drug Policy 2015 26 6 533 535 25890784
  42. [54]Regan AK Promoff G Dube SR Arrazola R Electronic nicotine delivery systems: adult use and awareness of the ‘e-cigarette’ in the USA Tob Control 2013 22 1 19 23 22034071
  43. [55]Arrazola RA Singh T Corey CG Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Tobacco use among middle and high school students – United States, 2011–2014 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015 64 14 381 385 25879896 PMC5779546
  44. [56]Dutra LM Glantz SA Electronic cigarettes and conventional cigarette use among US adolescents: a cross-sectional study JAMA Pediatr 2014 168 7 610 617 24604023 PMC4142115
  45. [57]Farsalinos KE Polosa R Youth tobacco use and electronic cigarettes JAMA Pediatr 2014 168 8 775 25090295
  46. [58]Amato MS Boyle RG Levy D How to define e-cigarette prevalence? Finding clues in the use frequency distribution Tob Control Epub 6 17 2015 PMC4683118 26085124
  47. [60]Moore G Hewitt G Evans J Electronic-cigarette use among young people in Wales: evidence from two cross-sectional surveys BMJ Open 2015 5 4 e007072 PMC4420942 25877272
  48. [61]Lee S Grana RA Glantz SA Electronic cigarette use among Korean adolescents: a cross-sectional study of market penetration, dual use, and relationship to quit attempts and former smoking J Adolesc Health 2014 54 6 684 690 24274973 PMC4031306
  49. [63]Al-Delaimy WK Myers MG Leas EC Strong DR Hofstetter CR E-cigarette use in the past and quitting behavior in the future: a population-based study Am J Public Health 2015 105 6 1213 1219 25880947 PMC4431097
  50. [64]Vickerman KA Carpenter KM Altman T Nash CM Zbikowski SM Use of electronic cigarettes among state tobacco cessation quitline callers Nicotine Tob Res 2013 15 10 1787 1791 23658395
  51. [66]Varlet V Farsalinos K Augsburger M Thomas A Etter JF Toxicity assessment of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015 12 5 4796 4815 25941845 PMC4454939
  52. [67]Farsalinos KE Voudris V Poulas K Are metals emitted from electronic cigarettes a reason for health concern? A risk-assessment analysis of currently available literature Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015 12 5 5215 5232 25988311 PMC4454963
  53. [68]Farsalinos KE Kistler KA Gillman G Voudris V Evaluation of electronic cigarette liquids and aerosol for the presence of selected inhalation toxins Nicotine Tob Res 2015 17 2 168 174 25180080 PMC4892705
  54. [69]Goniewicz ML Knysak J Gawron M Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes Tob Control 2014 23 2 133 139 23467656 PMC4154473
  55. [71]Nitzkin JL Farsalinos K Siegel M More on hidden formaldehyde in e-cigarette aerosols N Engl J Med 2015 372 16 1575 25875274
  56. [72]Farsalinos KE Voudris V Poulas K E-cigarettes generate high levels of aldehydes only in ‘dry puff’ conditions Addiction 2015 110 8 1352 1356 25996087
  57. [73]Tverdal A Bjartveit K Health consequences of reduced daily cigarette consumption Tob Control 2006 15 6 472 480 17130377 PMC2563668
  58. [74]Hart C Gruer L Bauld L Does smoking reduction in midlife reduce mortality risk? Results of 2 long-term prospective cohort studies of men and women in Scotland Am J Epidemiol 2013 178 5 770 779 23825165 PMC3755643
  59. [75]Djordjevic MV Fan J Ferguson S Hoffmann D Self-regulation of smoking intensity. Smoke yields of the low-nicotine, low-‘tar’ cigarettes Carcinogenesis 1995 16 9 2015 2021 7554048
  60. [76]Djordjevic MV Hoffmann D Hoffmann I Nicotine regulates smoking patterns Prev Med 1997 26 4 435 440 9245662
  61. [77]Scherer G Smoking behaviour and compensation: a review of the literature Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999 145 1 1 20 10445368
  62. [78]Lee PN The effect of reducing the number of cigarettes smoked on risk of lung cancer, COPD, cardiovascular disease and FEV(1) – a review Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013 67 3 372 381 24013038
  63. [79]Godtfredsen NS Prescott E Osler M Effect of smoking reduction on lung cancer risk JAMA 2005 294 12 1505 1510 16189363
  64. [80]Teo KK Ounpuu S Hawken S INTERHEART Study Investigators Tobacco use and risk of myocardial infarction in 52 countries in the INTERHEART study: a case-control study Lancet 2006 368 9536 647 658 16920470
  65. [81]Yamaguchi N Mochizuki-Kobayashi Y Utsunomiya O Quantitative relationship between cumulative cigarette consumption and lung cancer mortality in Japan Int J Epidemiol 2000 29 6 963 968 11101535
  66. [82]Chapman S Daube M Ethical imperatives assuming ENDS effectiveness and safety are fragile Addiction 2015 110 7 1068 1069 26094492
  67. [83]Polosa R Morjaria J Caponnetto P Effect of smoking abstinence and reduction in asthmatic smokers switching to electronic cigarettes: evidence for harm reversal Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014 11 5 4965 4977 24814944 PMC4053879
  68. [84]Hall W Gartner C Forlini C Ethical issues raised by a ban on the sale of electronic nicotine devices Addiction 2015 110 7 1061 1067 25845485
  69. [85]Farsalinos KE Romagna G Tsiapras D Kyrzopoulos S Voudris V Evaluating nicotine levels selection and patterns of electronic cigarette use in a group of “vapers” who had achieved complete substitution of smoking Subst Abuse 2013 7 139 146 24049448 PMC3772898
  70. [86]Farsalinos KE Voudris V Le Houezec J Risks of attempting to regulate nicotine flux in electronic cigarettes Nicotine Tob Res 2015 17 2 163 164 25332460 PMC4892707
  71. [87]Hajek P Foulds J Le Houezec J Sweanor D Yach D Should e-cigarettes be regulated as a medicinal device? Lancet Respir Med 2013 1 6 429 431 24429230
  72. [88]Farsalinos KE Stimson GV Is there any legal and scientific basis for classifying electronic cigarettes as medications? Int J Drug Policy 2014 25 3 340 345 24709413
  73. [89]Federal Register Proposed Rule by the Food and Drug Administration Deeming Tobacco Products to be Subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as Amended by the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act; Regulations on the Sale and Distribution of Tobacco Products and Required Warning Statements for Tobacco Products Washington, DC Federal Register 2014 Available from: https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2014/04/25/2014-09491/deeming-tobacco-products-to-be-subject-to-the-federal-food-drug-and-cosmetic-act-as-amended-by-the Accessed July 23, 2015 27192730
  74. [90]Official Journal of the European Union. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 12 2008 Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:353:0001:1355:EN:PDF Accessed July 23, 2015
  75. [93]Kanwal R Kullman G Piacitelli C Evaluation of flavorings-related lung disease risk at six microwave popcorn plants J Occup Environ Med 2006 48 2 149 157 16474263

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Farsalinos, K., & LeHouezec, J.
Venue
Risk Management and Healthcare Policy
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2015-09
Pages
157
ISSN
1179-1594
DOI
10.2147/rmhp.s62116
PMC
PMC4598199
Cited by
50
References
2
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ (vor)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review