IKBKAP/ELP1 gene mutations: mechanisms of familial dysautonomia and gene-targeting therapies
Open accessAbstract
The successful completion of the Human Genome Project led to the discovery of the molecular basis of thousands of genetic disorders. The identification of the mutations that cause familial dysautonomia (FD), an autosomal recessive disorder that impacts sensory and autonomic neurons, was aided by the release of the human DNA sequence. The identification and characterization of the genetic cause of FD have changed the natural history of this disease. Genetic testing programs, which were established shortly after the disease-causing mutations were identified, have almost completely eliminated the birth of children with this disorder. Characterization of the principal disease-causing mutation has led to the development of therapeutic modalities that ameliorate its effect, while the development of mouse models that recapitulate the impact of the mutation has allowed for the in-depth characterization of its impact on neuronal development and survival. The intense research focus on this disorder, while clearly benefiting the FD patient population, also serves as a model for the positive impact focused research efforts can have on the future of other genetic diseases. Here, we present the research advances and scientific breakthroughs that have changed and will continue to change the natural history of this centuries-old genetic disease.
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Familial dysautonomia is a hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy in which feeding and GI motor problems are often present from infancy.
“Familial dysautonomia is a hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy in which feeding and GI motor problems are often present from infancy (Rubin et al., 2017).”
From Autonomic nervous system and gastrointestinal manifestations with an emphasis on gastric dysfunction (2026) · cites this paper as Rubin et al., 2017
The Introduction describes familial dysautonomia as a congenital sensory and autonomic neuropathy, and The FD phenotype identifies it as a hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy with typical swallowing difficulty and gastrointestinal dysfunction. The copy does not establish that feeding and GI motor problems are often present from infancy, or specifically characterize the GI dysfunction as a motor problem. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Abulhasan, Y. B., Buu, N., & Frigon, C. (2009) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aep178 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hervé, M., & Ibrahim, E. C. (2017) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.009 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cook‐Sather, S. D., Viola, L., Zur, K. B., Rubin, B. Y., & Riou, B. (2012) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e318267084d · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationAxelrod, F. B., & Hilz, M. J. (2003) · Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/b0-12-226870-9/00041-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dinwiddie, R., & Sonnappa, S. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7216-3695-5.50072-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 98 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gastrointestinal motility disorders in neurologic disease
Camilleri, M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci143771 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Germline Elongator mutations in Sonic Hedgehog medulloblastoma
Waszak, S. M., Robinson, G. W., Gudenas, B. L., Smith, K. S., Forget, A., Kojic, M., García-López, J., Hadley, J. L., Hamilton, K. V., Indersie, É., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2164-5 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Therapeutic manipulation of IKBKAP mis-splicing with a small molecule to cure familial dysautonomia
Ajiro, M., Awaya, T., Kim, Y. J., Iida, K., Denawa, M., Tanaka, N., Kurosawa, R., Matsushima, S., Shibata, S., Sakamoto, T., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24705-5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Bencsik, P., Gömöri, K., Szabados, T., Sántha, P., Helyes, Z., Jancsó, G., Ferdinándy, P., & Görbe, A. (2020) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.15021 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Forward Genetic Screen for Caenorhabditis elegans Mutants with a Shortened Locomotor Healthspan
Kawamura, K., & MARUYAMA, I. N. (2019) · G3 Genes Genomes Genetics · doi:10.1534/g3.119.400241 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Anderson, S. L., Fasih-Ahmad, F., Evans, A. J., & Rubin, B. Y. (2022) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddac133 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationLevashov, A., Рустамовна, З. С., Valiev, T. T., Строганова, А. М., Khochenkov, D. A., Grigorenko, V. A., Михайлова, Е. В., Тюрина, E. В., Ryzhova, M. V., Horielyshev, S. K., et al. (2023) · Journal of Modern Oncology · doi:10.26442/18151434.2023.3.202437 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Aluma, B. E. B., Porges, R., Tripto‐Shkolnik, L., Keler, S., Gruber, N., Dagan, A., Modan‐Moses, D., & Levy‐Shraga, Y. (2025) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-025-01400-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Advances in the treatment of familial dysautonomia: what does the future hold?
Marra, M. G., Kuijpers, M., Kaufmann, H., & González‐Duarte, A. (2025) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2025.2525400 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Central Nervous System Rare Disease Drug Development
Williams, J., & Nakas, N. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78605-2_11 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Maková, B., Mik, V., Lišková, B., Drašarová, L., Medvedíková, M., Hořínková, A., Vojta, P., Zatloukal, M., Plíhalová, L., Hönig, M., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.117176 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Autonomic nervous system and gastrointestinal manifestations with an emphasis on gastric dysfunction
Shouman, K., Camilleri, M., & Singer, W. (2026) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2026.103474
Current insights into neural crest cell development and pathologies
Charney, R. M., Prasad, M. S., & García‐Castro, M. I. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817988-8.00011-7
Case report: Perioperative management of a patient with familial dysautonomia
Melodie, S., Laura, V., Minnea, K., Joseph Layon, A., & Ettore, C. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Intensive Care and Medicine · doi:10.29328/journal.jcicm.1001038
Induced pluripotent stem cells for studying genetic autonomic disorders
Ulrichs, H., Wu, H. F., & Zeltner, N. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85767-3.00010-4
Hipotensión ortostática: mecanismos, etiología y principios de tratamiento
Marroun, I. (2023) · EMC - Tratado de Medicina · doi:10.1016/s1636-5410(22)47466-6
Ipotensione ortostatica: meccanismi, eziologie e principi di trattamento
Marroun, I. (2023) · EMC - AKOS - Trattato di Medicina · doi:10.1016/s1634-7358(23)47516-x
Del-Pozo-Rodríguez, J. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c4e031efz0a8bz4cfaz93abza990eb954d53
Jamalpour, M. R., & Jabbari, Z. (2026) · Avicenna journal of dental research · doi:10.34172/ajdr.4591
Hypotension orthostatique : mécanismes, étiologies et principes de traitement
Blétry, O., & Marroun, I. (2013) · Time to knit · doi:10.1016/s1634-6939(13)59290-8
- Authors
- Rubin, B., & Anderson, S.
- Affiliations
- Fordham University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rubin, Berish
- Anderson, Sylvia
- Venue
- The Application of Clinical Genetics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- Volume 10
- Pages
- 95-103
- ISSN
- 1178-704X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5735983
- OpenAlex
- W2775249211
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Application of Clinical Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Hereditary Neurological Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Congenital gastrointestinal and neural anomalies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomics and Rare Diseases
- Keywords
- familial dysautonomia, IKBKAP, ELP1, genetic mutations, autosomal recessive disorder, genetic testing, mouse model, neuronal development, neuronal survival, natural history of disease
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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