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Canine neosporosis: perspectives on pathogenesis and management
Open accessAbstract
Abstract: Canine neosporosis is a worldwide disease caused by the obligate intracellular parasite protozoan Neospora caninum , manifesting mainly neurological symptoms. N. caninum has a heteroxenous life cycle and affects a wide range of warm-blooded animals. The domestic and wild canids are the definitive host of the parasite. They shed oocysts after ingestion of tissue cysts from infected intermediate hosts (ovine, equine, bovine, canine, and many other species), containing bradyzoites, or oocyst-contaminated water and food. The presence of dogs in farms is considered a risk factor for production animals. A wide range of diagnostic methods are currently available, but the most used is serology, ie, indirect fluorescent antibody test specific to the antibody detection in blood serum samples. No vaccine is available, but control strategies should be focused on the vertical and horizontal transmission of the parasite, ie, avoid feeding dogs with raw or undercooked meat, and taking care with water for human and animal consumption. No medicines to control the transplacental transmission are available yet. Keywords: neosporosis, Neospora caninum , pathogenesis, management, dogs
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“Several helminths and protozoa have been proposed as potential pathogenic risks for raw‐fed cats and dogs and/or for in‐contact owners and livestock.”
From Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. (2019) · cites this paper as Silva & Machado 2016
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Cites
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InfluentialNeosporosis in animals—The last five years
Dubey, J. P., & Schares, G. (2011) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.031 · Cited by 699 · cited 3×
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InfluentialCoyotes (Canis latrans) are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum
Gondim, L. F. P., McAllister, M. Μ., Pitt, W. C., & Zemlicka, D. E. (2004) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.01.001 · Cited by 569 · cited 1×
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Background
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards.
Davies, R. H., Lawes, J. R., & Wales, A. D. (2019) · Journal of Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1111/jsap.13000 · Cited by 195
“…caninum, Sarcocystis species, Toxoplasma gondii, Isospora species, Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Taenia hydatigena, Taenia ovis and Trichinella species (LeJeune & Hancock 2001, Macpherson 2005, Silva & Machado 2016, van Bree et al. 2018).”
BackgroundNeospora caninum, A potential cause of reproductive failure in dairy cows from Northern Greece
Lefkaditis, M., Mpairamoglou, R., Sossidou, A., Spanoudis, K., & Tsakiroglou, M. (2019) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100365 · Cited by 31
“While this disease has a considerable impact on reproduction in cattle, in adult and older dogs appears to be asymptomatic (Silva and Machado, 2016; Kul et al., 2015; Lindsay et al., 1999a).”
Wei, X., An, Q., Xue, N.-Y., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Q., & Wang, C.-R. (2022) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105620 · Cited by 30
Effects of Neospora caninum on reproductive parameters in dairy cows from a closed herd in Brazil
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Serological survey of Neospora spp. and Besnoitia spp. in horses in Portugal
Waap, H., de Oliveira, U. V., Nunes, T. P., Gomes, J., Gomes, T., Bärwald, A., Munhoz, A. D., & Schares, G. (2020) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100391 · Cited by 15
Nazari, N., Khodayari, M. T., Hamzavi, Y., Raeghi, S., Karamati, S. A., Falahi, S., Bozorgomid, A., & Sajedi, M. T. (2023) · Acta Parasitologica · doi:10.1007/s11686-023-00661-6 · Cited by 14
Disruption of Dense Granular Protein 2 (GRA2) Decreases the Virulence of Neospora caninum
Dong, J., Zhang, N., Zhao, P., Li, J., Cao, L., Wang, X., Li, X., Yang, J., Zhang, X., & Gong, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.634612 · Cited by 13
An Overview of Infectious and Non-Infectious Causes of Pregnancy Losses in Equine
Li, L., Li, S., Ma, H., Akhtar, M. F., Tan, Y., Wang, T., Liu, W., Khan, A. A., Khan, M. Z., & Wang, C. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14131961 · Cited by 12
Morganti, G., Rigamonti, G., Brustenga, L., Calgaro, V., Angeli, G., Moretta, I., Diaferia, M., & Veronesi, F. (2024) · Veterinary Research Communications · doi:10.1007/s11259-024-10549-z · Cited by 12
“Additionally, congenital clinical disorders can occur when tachyzoites cross the placental barrier and replicate at the multiorgan level in the foetus (Silva and Machado 2016; Sanchez and Besteiro 2021).”
BackgroundInfluentialGastrointestinal Parasites in Owned Dogs in Serbia: Prevalence and Risk Factors
Jovanović, N. M., Bisenic, O., Nenadović, K., Bogunović, D., Rajković, M., Maletić, M., Mirilović, M., & Ilić, T. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14101463 · Cited by 14
“Eggs of the trichurid type, exhibiting morphological characteristics specific to species from the genus Capillaria , were diagnosed in 10.5% of the fecal samples, with the assumption that they belong to a species of C. aerophila .”
BackgroundInfluentialNeospora caninum Infection in Cattle and Dogs in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Jokar, M., Bokaie, S., Rahmanian, V., Zahedi, R., Sharifi, N., & Khoubfekr, H. (2021) · American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3844/ajavsp.2021.23.38 · Cited by 10
“Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan protozoan parasite and recognized as the main cause of abortion in cattle and of neuromuscular complaints in dogs (Jin et al., 2017; Silva and Machado, 2016; Reichel et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCoombs, R. S., Blank, M. L., English, E. D., Adomako‐Ankomah, Y., Urama, I.-C. S., Martin, A. T., Yarovinsky, F., & Boyle, J. P. (2020) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00027-20 · Cited by 9
“disease that causes fetal death and neonatal mortality (10) in bovine (11), ovine (12), 67 and canine hosts (13).”
BackgroundEffects of Dense Granular Protein 6 (GRA6) Disruption on Neospora caninum Virulence
Zhao, P., Zhang, N., Dong, J., Li, J., Wang, X., Li, X., Li, X., Yang, J., Gong, P., & Zhang, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.562730 · Cited by 9
Yu, G., Liang, W., Yang, Q., Wang, J., Yu, W., Zhang, T., Zhang, X., Fan, H., Zhao, P., Cao, L., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.638067 · Cited by 9
Neospora caninum infection and reproductive problems in dairy cows from Brazil: A case-control study
de Souza, G. G., Amatti, L. Z., Garcia, L. V., Costa, L. R., Minutti, A. F., Martins, T. A., Bogado, A. L. G., Ignácio, F. S., de Almeida, B. F. M., Garcia, J. L., et al. (2021) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100683 · Cited by 8
Fisher, C., Seferidis, N., Zilli, J., Roberts, T., & Harcourt‐Brown, T. (2024) · Journal of Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1111/jsap.13702 · Cited by 8
Castaldo, E., Basso, W., Moré, G., Ciaramelli, A., D’Alessio, N., Capasso, M., Sgroi, G., Tonon, S., Humak, F., Gazzonis, A. L., et al. (2025) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2025.105729 · Cited by 7
Decôme, M., Martin, E., Bau‐Gaudreault, L., & O'Toole, E. (2019) · PubMed Central · Cited by 7
Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infections in cattle in Kirkuk province
Noraldeen, M. Y., Jaafar, S. E., & Salih, A. I. (2021) · Al-mağallaẗ al-ʻirāqiyyaẗ li-l-ʻulūm al-bayṭariyyaẗ/Iraqi journal of veterinary sciences · doi:10.33899/ijvs.2020.126832.1394 · Cited by 7
“Thus, the high seroprevalence of neosporosis could be linked to the appearance on the dairy farm of many stray and domestic dogs noticed at the time of the study in Kirkuk city, management systems are also noted to affect breed seroprevalence more than breed related susceptibility to infection (23).”
BackgroundVanLeeuwen, J. A., Muraya, J., Gitau, G. K., Makau, D. N., Crane, B., McKenna, S., & Wichtel, J. J. (2021) · East African Journal of Science Technology and Innovation · doi:10.37425/eajsti.v3i1.391 · Cited by 7
“…the likelihood of cattle testing seropositive on these farms, but preventing dogs from defecating in the compound, feeders, water sources and pastures are among the major ways suggested to curtail new cattle infections and to keep susceptible animals free of N. caninum (Silva and Machado, 2016).”
Okumu, T. A., Munene, J. N., Wabacha, J., Tsuma, V. T., & Leeuwen, J. V. (2016) · Veterinary World · doi:10.14202/vetworld.2016.1162-1166 · Cited by 6
A multimodal approach to diagnosis of neuromuscular neosporosis in dogs
Alf, V., Tirrito, F., Fischer, A., Cappello, R., Kiviranta, A., Steinberg, T. A., Poli, F., Stotz, F., Vecchio, O. V. D., Dörfelt, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.17145 · Cited by 6
“38 Altogether, blood analysis can be suggestive, but cannot be reliably used as a confirmation of the infection 9 and do not exclude degenerative processes, metabolic diseases, or trauma.”
BackgroundDisseminated Neospora caninum infection in a dog with severe colitis
Curtis, B. E., Harris, A., Ullal, T., Schaffer, P. A., & Muñoz-Gutiérrez, J. F. (2020) · Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation · doi:10.1177/1040638720958467 · Cited by 6
“Factors associated with recrudescence are poorly understood but generally involve immunosuppression.(25) Cases of myocarditis, pneumonia, dermatitis, and systemic dissemination are uncommon,(16) and have been associated with immunosuppressive therapy, including steroid or chemotherapeutic administration.”
BackgroundNeosporosis in 21 adult dogs, 2010-2023
Kennedy, A., White, J. D., & Child, G. (2024) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.17219 · Cited by 5
Differential acute-phase protein responses in dogs seropositive or seronegative for Neospora caninum
Ferreira, R. F., Dittrich, R. L., Zimmermann, I. B., Ljubić, B. B., Mrljak, V., & Eckersall, P. D. (2021) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-021-07277-7 · Cited by 5
“2007), being IFAT the gold standard (Björkman and Uggla, 1999; Silva and Machado 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialSeroprevalence of Neospora caninum in pet cats, dogs and rabbits from urban areas of Poland
Turlewicz‐Podbielska, H., Ruszkowski, J. J., Wojciechowski, J., & Pomorska‐Mól, M. (2024) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-024-03894-3 · Cited by 5
“The clinical form of neosporosis is characterized by the onset of neuromuscular symptoms [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialMimoun, L., Steinman, A., Kliachko, Y., Tirosh-Levy, S., Schvartz, G., Blinder, E., Baneth, G., & Mazuz, M. L. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12192699 · Cited by 5
“infection in cattle and other intermediate hosts in other studies [18,19,22,23].”
ResultNeospora caninum, a cause of abortion in donkeys (Equus asinus) in Iran
Rahmani, S. S., Malekifard, F., & Tavassoli, M. (2021) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-021-07383-6 · Cited by 4
“2015; Silva and Machado 2016).”
ResultWales, A. D., Lawes, J. R., & Davies, R. (2019) · BSAVA Companion · doi:10.22233/20412495.0819.10 · Cited by 4
Neospora caninum in free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) from southern Brazil
Sasse, J. P., Silva, A. C. D. S., Carneiro, P. G., Nino, B. D. S. L., Vieira, F. E. G., de Barros, L. D., & Garcia, J. L. (2020) · Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária/Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1590/s1984-29612020107 · Cited by 4
Méndez-Ramírez, P. S., Marín-Henao, J., Góngora-Orjuela, A., Parra-Arango, J. L., Piedrahita, D., & Chaparro-Gutiérrez, J. J. (2020) · Revista Mvz Córdoba · doi:10.21897/rmvz.1879 · Cited by 3
Ramseier, J., Imhof, D., Hänggeli, K. P. A., Anghel, N., Boubaker, G., Beteck, R. M., Ortega‐Mora, L. M., Haynes, R. K., & Hemphill, A. F. (2023) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens12030447 · Cited by 3
“However, whilst these treatments inhibit tachyzoites, they do not affect the bradyzoite stage, and the effects of are most pronounced early after infection [3].”
BackgroundParasites of the musculoskeletal system
Jaiswal, A. K., Kumar, P., Agrawal, V., Singh, A. K., & Singh, S. K. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95352-8.00012-6 · Cited by 3
Pathology of Perinatal Disorders
Agnew, D. (2023) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.04.008 · Cited by 3
Abu-Halaweh, M. M., Abo‐Shehada, M. N., & Khalil, R. (2020) · Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária/Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1590/s1984-29612020004 · Cited by 3
Molecular and serological prevalence rates of Neospora caninum infection in dogs from Jordan
Mukbel, R., Okour, A., Abu-Halaweh, M. M., Hammad, H., & Abo‐Shehada, M. N. (2024) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-024-08296-w · Cited by 3
“Usually, canine N. caninum infection is subclinical and asymptomatic (Silva and Machado 2016).”
Henry, P. M. N., Rees, P., Morrison, T., & Woods, G. A. (2025) · Veterinary Medicine and Science · doi:10.1002/vms3.70425 · Cited by 2
“Prolonged courses are required to improve clinical signs, with a minimum of 4 weeks recommended (10–12 mg/kg PO, every 8 h), but greater duration (more than 8 weeks) are often needed (Silva and Machado 2016; Sykes et al. 2021).”
InfluentialNeosporosis en caninos y bovinos
Pérez, D. C., & O.J.Rojas (2021) · Revista Veterinaria · doi:10.30972/vet.3225751 · Cited by 2
Sykes, J. E., Lappin, M. R., & Dubey, J. P. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-50934-3.00094-x · Cited by 2
Seroepidemiología de Neospora caninum en caninos en Córdoba, Colombia
Daza-Rodríguez, J. A., Benavides, Y. M. H., & Hincapié-Márquez, S. (2024) · Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA · doi:10.24188/recia.v16.n1.2024.991 · Cited by 2
Zilli, J., Fleming, K., Fisher, C., Sparks, T. H., Harcourt‐Brown, T., & Ives, E. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1517256 · Cited by 2
“Although less common, Neospora has been also reported to infect other body systems as a result of extensive tachyzoite dissemination, causing conditions including myocarditis, fibrinohaemorrhagic enteritis, pneumonia, peritonitis and dermatitis (14).”
InfluentialOtarigho, B., & Falade, M. O. (2018) · Bioinformation · doi:10.6026/97320630014021 · Cited by 2
Experimental inoculation of Neospora caninum tachyzoites in eared doves (Zenaida auriculata)
de Barros, L. D., Taroda, A., Miura, A. C., Minutti, A. F., Sasse, J. P., Nino, B. D. S. L., da Silva, E. O., Headley, S. A., Vidotto, O., & Garcia, J. L. (2019) · Experimental Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2019.05.002 · Cited by 2
Investigation of comorbidities in dogs with leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum
Apostolidis, K. N., Chatzis, M. K., Kasabalis, D., Ματαράγκα, Α., Ikonomopoulos, J., Skampardonis, V., Athanasiou, L. V., Mylonakis, M. E., Leontides, L., & Saridomichelakis, M. N. (2023) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100844 · Cited by 2
Pereira, M. A., Nóbrega, C., Mateus, T. L., Almeida, D. S., Oliveira, A., Coelho, C., Cruz, R., Oliveira, P. A., Faustino‐Rocha, A. I., Pires, M. J., et al. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13142327 · Cited by 2
“Canine infection can result in clinical disease, characterized by paralysis that progresses to rigid contracture of the muscles, particularly in young dogs [29,36,37].”
BackgroundToxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infection in epileptic dogs
Morganti, G., Rigamonti, G., Marchesi, M. C., Maggi, G., Angeli, G., Moretta, I., Brustenga, L., Diaferia, M., & Veronesi, F. (2024) · Journal of Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1111/jsap.13735 · Cited by 2
Neosporosis in Small Ruminants
Machado, G. P. (2019) · Approaches in Poultry Dairy & Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.31031/apdv.2019.07.000654 · Cited by 2
“caninum infection in adult animals and herds, and both are also considered complementary techniques in the diagnosis of neosporosis [9-11].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationAnschütz, N. H., Gerbig, S., Ventura, A. M. P., Silva, L. M. R., Larrazabal, C., Hermosilla, C. R., Taubert, A., & Spengler, B. (2022) · Analytical Science Advances · doi:10.1002/ansa.202200016 · Cited by 2
Cordeiro, M. D., dos Santos, L. M. R., de Freitas, A. N. F., da Silva, J. B., da Fonseca, A. H., & Baêta, B. D. A. (2023) · Ensaios e Ciência C Biológicas Agrárias e da Saúde · doi:10.17921/1415-6938.2023v27n1p08-11 · Cited by 1
Erez, M. S., Kozan, E., ARSLAN, S. M., & Hervé-Claude, L. P. (2026) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2026.1760253 · Cited by 1
“Over time, the combined implementation of these measures may contribute to a gradual reduction in herd antibody levels and overall infection pressure (37).”
BARF BESLEME: KÖPEK VE KEDİLERDE PARAZİT HASTALIKLARI BAKIMINDAN TAŞIDIĞI RİSKLER
Yıldız, K. (2021) · Veteriner Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni · doi:10.38137/vftd.975514 · Cited by 2
Kshama, M. A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95352-8.00004-7 · Cited by 1
Seroprevalencia de Neospora caninum en perros rurales y urbanos del suroriente del Estado de México
García-Rubio, V. G., Enrique, E.-A., Pedro, H.-G., Flores-Pérez, E., Reyes-Sandoval, R. M., & Ojeda-Carrasco, J. J. (2022) · Abanico veterinario · doi:10.21929/abavet2022.3
Prevalence and risk factors of Neospora caninum in aborted fetus of sheep, goat, cattle, and buffaloPreprint
Shahiduzzaman, M., Biswas, P., Kabir, A., Wakid, M. H., Ahmed, N., Hossain, M. Z., & Amin, A. R. M. B. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2883165/v1
Disseminated Neospora caninum Encephalomyelitis and Myositis in a 3-Month-Old Cane Corso Puppy
English, A. L., Klutzke, J. B., Thomovsky, S. A., & Wakamatsu, N. (2024) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci11110544
“Other manifestations vary by tissue affected and may include megaesophagus, myocarditis, respiratory disease, and skeletal muscle fibrosis leading to contracture or arthrogryposis [2].”
InfluentialNeosporosis and Visceral Leishmaniosis in a Dog in Central–West Brazil
Sena, B. R., de Freitas, M. S., de Freitas, M. N., de Almeida, A. D. B. P. F., & Sousa, V. R. F. (2024) · Acta veterinaria · doi:10.2478/acve-2024-0040
Talib, M. T., Nasir, A., Kashif, M., Rahman, A., Rehman, A. U., Akbar, H., Nadeem, A., Howe, D. K., & Azam, M. N. (2025) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101211
Estudio de la Seroprevalencia de Neospora caninum en bovinos del Cantón San Cristóbal, Galápagos
Pincay-Zambrano, J., Zambrano-Reyes, M. L., & Loor, L. E. V. (2026) · Revista de Ciencias Agropecuarias ALLPA · doi:10.56124/allpa.v9i17.0147
Neospora caninum: A Review on Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis
Gharekhani, J. (2026) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1013162
Canine cholecystitis in the presence of Hammondia spp. infection
Hensarling, S., Baker, E., Gerhold, R., Su, C., Wang, W., Neufang, L., Springer, N. L., Salzman, J., & Hartley, A. N. (2026) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2026.101556
Metadata
- Authors
- Silva, R., & Machado, G.
- ORCID
- Machado, Gustavo
- Venue
- Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 59
- ISSN
- 2230-2034 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6055790
- OpenAlex
- W2343809509
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 0.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Toxoplasma gondii Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasitic infections in humans and animals
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Coccidia and coccidiosis research
- Keywords
- canine neosporosis, Neospora caninum, pathogenesis, disease management, neurological symptoms, heteroxenous life cycle, definitive host, intermediate hosts, bradyzoites, serological diagnosis, indirect fluorescent antibody test, transplacental transmission, vertical transmission, horizontal transmission, water pollution
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