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Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Plants Belonging to Family Apiaceae
Open accessAbstract
Apiaceae is one of the most important families containing a large variety of plants. Members of this family are well known for their analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticoagulant effects. This study described the HPLC-identification of phenolic compounds in four plants belonging to family Apiaceae, i.e. Anethum graveolens, Petroselinum crispum, Deverra tortuosa and Daucus syrticus. Catechin, chlorogenic acid, and rutin were found in all 70 % ethanolic extracts of plants, according to HPLC analysis. Except for Anethum graveolens, all plants contained apigenin. Caffeic acid was exclusively found in Deverra tortuosa. All extracts were to be devoid of gallic acid and hesperidin. Quercetin was found in Daucus syrticus and Anethum graveolens, while kampferol was found only in Daucus syrticus, and ellagic acid was found in Daucus syrticus and Petroselinum crispum. The four extracts had no effect on Aspergillus fumigates and Staphylococcus aureus, while the extract of Anethum graveolens had no effect on Proteus vulgaris. The extracts of Deverra tortuosa and Anethum graveolens demonstrated the best effects on Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans, respectively. Petroselinum crispum produced also the best effect on Bacillus subtilis. The highest levels of antioxidant activities were observed for Deverra tortuosa and Daucus syrticus.
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TL;DR
HPLC profiling of four Apiaceae plants found catechin, chlorogenic acid, and rutin in all 70% ethanolic extracts, with variable presence of apigenin, caffeic acid, quercetin, kampferol, and ellagic acid. The extracts showed moderate antimicrobial activity and potent antioxidant activity, with Deverra tortuosa and Daucus syrticus generally performing best.
Key findings
- Catechin, chlorogenic acid, and rutin were detected in all four plants; apigenin was present in all except Anethum graveolens; caffeic acid was found only in Deverra tortuosa; gallic acid and hesperidin were absent from all extracts. Quercetin occurred in D. syrticus and A. graveolens, kampferol only in D. syrticus, and ellagic acid in D. syrticus and Petroselinum crispum.
- Total phenol percentages were A. graveolens 8.575%, P. crispum 8.333%, D. syrticus 7.983%, and D. tortuosa 7.817%; total flavonoid percentages were P. crispum 0.975%, D. syrticus 0.962%, D. tortuosa 0.960%, and A. graveolens 0.955%.
- All four extracts had no effect on Aspergillus fumigates and Staphylococcus aureus, and A. graveolens had no effect on Proteus vulgaris. D. syrticus gave the best results on Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris; D. tortuosa and A. graveolens gave the best effects on Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans, respectively; P. crispum also gave the best effect on B. subtilis.
- The highest antioxidant activities were observed for D. tortuosa and D. syrticus, with maxima at 600 ppm for chloroform, 1000 ppm for ethyl acetate, 800 ppm for 70% alcohol, and 600 ppm for water.
Methods
- Fresh aerial parts (stem and leaves) were collected in 2019: cultivated A. graveolens and P. crispum from Beni Seuif, and wild D. tortuosa and D. syrticus from Matrouh; specimens were identified, deposited, air-dried, and ground.
- Phenolic compounds were extracted from 50 mg dried material three times with 2 mL 80% methanol using an overhead shaker and ultrasonic bath, then centrifuged; HPLC used a Shimadzu system with a Vertex Plus column and AB Sciex Triple TOF mass spectrometer for identification. Total phenols were measured colorimetrically at 765 nm with gallic acid equivalents, and total flavonoids at 510 nm with catechin standards.
- Antioxidant activity used DPPH radical scavenging at 517 nm; antimicrobial susceptibility used the well diffusion method per NCCLS recommendations with Mueller-Hinton or malt media, DMSO-dissolved compounds at 10, 5, and 2.5 mg/ml, and inhibition zones measured after 24 h at 37 °C.
Limitations
- Stated limitations: Not stated in the paper.
- Evident from the text: the antimicrobial table reports inhibition zone diameters without specifying which concentration produced each result, and no statistical analysis or replication details are reported for the comparisons. The paper also describes HPLC analysis of “70% ethanolic extracts” while the extraction method uses 80% methanol, and antioxidant assays use chloroform, ethyl acetate, 70% alcohol, and water extracts, creating an inconsistency in solvent descriptions.
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34 Own result · 12 Sources not found · 5 Own method · 5 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meanwhile Anethum graveolens had the highest percentage of total phenol (8.575%), whereas D. tortuosa had the lowest amount (7.817%).”
§ Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Plants Belonging to Family Apiaceae > Determination of total Flavonoids and total Phenol
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quercetin was found in Daucus syrticus and Anethum graveolens, while kampferol was found only in Daucus syrticus, and ellagic acid was found in Daucus syrticus and Petroselinum crispum.”
- Also stated in: § Determination of Flavonoids and Phenolics using HPLC · plain
“As stated in table (2), quercetin was found in D. syrticus, and A. graveolens, kampferol was found only in D. syrticus, and ellagic acid was found in D. syrticus and P. crispum (Table 2).”
§ Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Plants Belonging to Family Apiaceae > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Determination of Flavonoids and Phenolics using HPLC · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Catechin, chlorogenic acid, and rutin were found in all 70 % ethanolic extracts of plants, according to HPLC analysis.”
- Also stated in: § Determination of Flavonoids and Phenolics using HPLC · plain
“Catechin, chlorogenic acid, and rutin were found in all 70 % ethanolic extracts of plants, according to HPLC analysis.”
§ Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Plants Belonging to Family Apiaceae > Abstract
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Determination of Flavonoids and Phenolics using HPLC · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Caffeic acid was exclusively found in Deverra tortuosa.”
- Also stated in: § Determination of Flavonoids and Phenolics using HPLC · plain
“Caffeic acid was exclusively found in D. tortuosa.”
§ Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Plants Belonging to Family Apiaceae > Abstract
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Determination of Flavonoids and Phenolics using HPLC · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to the data presented in table (1), the percentages of total flavonoids in D. tortuosa, D. syrticus, A. graveolens, and Petroselinum crispum were 0.960 %, 0.962 %, 0.955 %, and 0.975 %, respectively.”
§ Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Plants Belonging to Family Apiaceae > Determination of total Flavonoids and total Phenol
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
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Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Ahmed et al. (2021) mentioned that DE had no influence on Aspergillus fumigates and Staphylococcus aureus, and Proteus vulgaris but proved the greatest influence on Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans.”
From Induction role of chitosan nanoparticles to Anethum graveolens extract against food-borne bacteria, oxidant, and diabetic activities in vitro (2023) · cites this paper as Ahmed et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“Our results partially agreed with Ahmed et al. (2021), who recorded the absence of caffeic acid, ellagic acid, kaempferol, and apigenin but chlorogenic acid, catechin, rutin, and quercetin occurred in the extract of A. graveolens.”
From Induction role of chitosan nanoparticles to Anethum graveolens extract against food-borne bacteria, oxidant, and diabetic activities in vitro (2023) · cites this paper as Ahmed et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“Catechin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and quercetin were detected in A. graveolens (Ahmed et al., 2021).”
From Induction role of chitosan nanoparticles to Anethum graveolens extract against food-borne bacteria, oxidant, and diabetic activities in vitro (2023) · cites this paper as Ahmed et al., 2021
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Plants Belonging to Family Apiaceae > Determination of Flavonoids and Phenolics using HPLC
“Daucus syrticus had an effect on Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria but had no effect on fungi.”
§ Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Plants Belonging to Family Apiaceae > Determination of Flavonoids and Phenolics using HPLC
“Microorganism Plant Control Deverra tortuosa Daucus syrticus Anethum graveolens Petroselinum crispum inhibition zone diameter (mm) Fungi Aspergillus fumigates (RCMB 002008) ND ND ND ND 17 Candida albicans RCMB 005003 (1) ATCC0231 8 13 14 9 20”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Plants Belonging to Family Apiaceae > Determination of Flavonoids and Phenolics using HPLC
“P. crispum produced the best effect on Bacillus subtilis also.”
§ Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Plants Belonging to Family Apiaceae > Determination of Flavonoids and Phenolics using HPLC
“Bacillus subtilis RCMB 015 (1) NRRL B-543 20 15 15 12 26”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Plants Belonging to Family Apiaceae > 4. Antioxidant Activity
“Meanwhile, the highest levels of antioxidant activities of A. graveolens were reported at 400 ppm for chloroform, 600 ppm for ethyl acetate, 200 ppm for 70 % alcohol, and 800 ppm for water.”
§ Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Plants Belonging to Family Apiaceae > Determination of Flavonoids and Phenolics using HPLC
“A.graveolens 13.69 26.35 30.24 6.16 24.08 48.02 22.26 72.87 61 70.15”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Plants Belonging to Family Apiaceae > 4. Antioxidant Activity
“The highest antioxidant activities of both D. tortuosa and D. syrticus were observed at 600 ppm for chloroform, 1000 ppm for ethyl acetate, 800 ppm for 70 % alcohol, and 600 ppm for water.”
§ Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Plants Belonging to Family Apiaceae > Determination of Flavonoids and Phenolics using HPLC
“D.syrticus 14.34 14.73 2.40 22.52 22.13 49.19 4.35 18.56 16.22 25.05”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Plants Belonging to Family Apiaceae > 4. Antioxidant Activity
“Meanwhile, the highest levels of antioxidant activities of A. graveolens were reported at 400 ppm for chloroform, 600 ppm for ethyl acetate, 200 ppm for 70 % alcohol, and 800 ppm for water.”
§ Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Some Plants Belonging to Family Apiaceae > Determination of Flavonoids and Phenolics using HPLC
“A.graveolens 62.04 10.58 4.35 12.91 69.37 24.98 69.95 83 7.27 2.79”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ahmed, F. A., Baraka, D. M., Abdel-Mawgoud, M., Essawy, H. S., & Elbadawy, H. F.
- Affiliations
- Desert Research Center (EG)
- Benha University (EG)
- ORCID
- Ahmed, Fatma A.
- Venue
- Benha Journal of Applied Sciences
- Published
- 2021-12-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 299-308
- ISSN
- 2356-9751 (ISSN-L)
- 2356-976X
- OpenAlex
- W4210272577
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 0.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Benha Journal of Applied Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant chemical constituents analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
- Keywords
- Apiaceae, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, dill, parsley, Deverra tortuosa, catechins, chlorogenic acid, rutin, apigenin, caffeic acid, quercetin, ellagic acid, ethanolic plant extract, Aspergillus fumigatus, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Proteus vulgaris
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-12, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-12 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
