The pharmacokinetics of antiarrhythmic agents in pregnancy and lactation

Mitani, Gladys Moriguchi; Steinberg, Irving; Lien, Eric J.; Harrison, Earl C.; Elkayam, Uri

doi:10.2165/00003088-198712040-00002

Cited by 88Pregnancy and Medication ImpactCardiovascular Issues in PregnancyPharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism

The pharmacokinetics of antiarrhythmic agents in pregnancy and lactation

Mitani, Gladys Moriguchi, Steinberg, Irving, Lien, Eric J., Harrison, Earl C., Elkayam, Uri·1987·Clinical Pharmacokinetics

DOI 10.2165/00003088-198712040-00002

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Abstract

The pharmacokinetics of various drugs may be profoundly altered during different stages of pregnancy, parturition, and lactation. Gastrointestinal absorption or bioavailability of drugs may vary due to changes in gastric secretion and motility. Various haemodynamic changes such as an increase in cardiac output, blood volume, and renal plasma flow may affect drug disposition and elimination. The increase in blood volume and total body water which occurs during pregnancy can alter the volume of distribution for various drugs. Although exact quantifications are not easy, these changes in pharmacokinetic parameters should be considered when dosing antiarrhythmic agents in pregnant women. Plasma protein concentrations and drug binding capacity are altered in the mother and fetus as pregnancy advances. With highly protein bound drugs, these changes may be clinically significant, as the pharmacological efficacy and toxicity are presumed to be related to the concentration of free drug in both the mother and fetus. In some instances, the fetus may be susceptible to greater drug toxicity as free drug concentrations may be underestimated by measurement of total drug concentrations. Changes in maternal drug metabolism and metabolism by the fetoplacental unit also contribute to alterations in the pharmacokinetics of drugs. As the placenta contains many metabolising enzymes, biotransformation of drugs at this site could potentially convert a drug into an active metabolite, or prevent fetal exposure to a toxic drug. Placental transfer of drugs, leading to toxicity in the fetus, is a major concern in the pharmacological management of the pregnant patient. The passage of individual drugs will vary depending on their apparent volumes of distribution, degree of protein binding the rates of metabolic conversion and excretion within the placenta and fetus, the pH difference between the maternal and fetal fluids, and maternal haemodynamic changes. Drug properties such as lipid solubility, protein binding characteristics, and ionisation constant (pKa) also influence the placental passage of drugs. For weakly basic antiarrhythmic agents, the fetal drug concentration may potentially exceed the maternal plasma concentration when the fetal pH is lowered as in the case of fetal acidosis; this is due to 'ion trapping'. Additionally, higher free drug concentrations of these basic drugs may exist, due to decreased alpha 1-acid glycoprotein concentration and binding affinity in the fetus. Lignocaine (lidocaine) has been shown to enter fetal plasma rapidly with fetal-maternal concentration ratios in the range of 0.52 to 0.66.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Pharmacokinetics of antiarrhythmic drugs change during different stages of pregnancy, including changes in gastrointestinal absorption, increased blood volume, lower protein binding with increased free fraction, and increased renal and hepatic elimination.
“These includes changes in gastrointestinal absorption, an increased blood volume, a lower binding to proteins with an increased free fraction of drug, and an increased renal and hepatic elimination.411”
From European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document on the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, endorsed by Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulacion Cardiaca y Electrofisiologia (SOLAECE) (2017) · cites this paper as [411]
Digoxin is considered safe for maternal and foetal arrhythmias.
“Digoxin is considered safe for maternal and foetal arrhythmias.916”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [916]

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2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS
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“During the third trimester, serum digoxin levels may appear elevated (but falsely so) due to the presence of digoxin-like substances interfering with radioimmunoassays([13]).”
Background
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Authors: Mitani, G. M., Steinberg, I., Lien, E. J., Harrison, E. C., & Elkayam, U.
Affiliations: University of Southern California (US)
ORCID: Elkayam, Uri
Venue: Clinical Pharmacokinetics
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1987-04
Volume: 12
Issue: 4
Pages: 253-291
ISSN: 0312-5963 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2165/00003088-198712040-00002
OpenAlex: W2094185510
Cited by: 88
References: 177
Citations by year: 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 4.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Clinical Pharmacokinetics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy and Medication Impact
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Issues in Pregnancy
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
Keywords: antiarrhythmic drugs, pharmacokinetics, pregnancy, lactation, maternal-fetal drug transfer, prenatal drug exposure, ion trapping, fetal acidosis, free drug concentration, protein binding, volume of distribution, lidocaine, amiodarone, mexiletine, propranolol, childbirth, drug dosing
MeSH terms: Anti-Arrhythmia Agents, Blood Proteins, Female, Humans, Kidney, Kinetics, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Milk, Human, Pregnancy, Protein Binding

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The pharmacokinetics of antiarrhythmic agents in pregnancy and lactation

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