Effects of exercise, diet and weight loss on high blood pressure
Abstract
High blood pressure (BP) is a major health problem in the US, affecting more than 50 million people. Although high BP is among the most common reasons for outpatient visits, BP control is often inadequate. It is well established that BP can be lowered pharmacologically in hypertensive individuals; however, anti-hypertensive medications are not effective for everyone, and may be costly and result in adverse effects that impair quality of life and reduce adherence. Moreover, abnormalities associated with high BP, such as insulin resistance and hyperlipidaemia, may persist or may even be exacerbated by some anti-hypertensive medications. Consequently, there has been a great deal of interest in the development and application of behavioural interventions in the management of high BP. The main behavioural interventions that are recommended to reduce BP are exercise and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. Weight loss is also recommended for BP reduction in overweight individuals. Exercise alone is associated with reductions of approximately 3.5 and 2.0mm Hg in systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), respectively. Patients fed a DASH diet (a diet high in low-fat dairy products and fibre, including fruits and vegetables) had reductions in SBP and DBP of 5.5 and 3.0mm Hg, respectively, compared with those consuming a standard US diet. Reductions of approximately 8.5mm Hg SBP and 6.5mm Hg DBP accompany weight loss of 8 kg. In overweight hypertensive pati…
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The lack of significant improvements in physiological outcomes can be attributable to multiple factors beyond medication adherence, such as prescriber dosing, diet, and physical activity.
“This can be attributable to multiple factors beyond medication adherence, such as prescriber dosing, diet, and physical activity.67,68”
From Interventions to improve adherence to lipid-lowering drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [67]
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Interventions to improve adherence to lipid-lowering drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Yow, D. K. W., Ang, W. J., Yap, H. J., Ito, S., Liu, J., Ko, J., Tan, D. S.-Y., Lorenzatti, A., & Ang, C.-S. (2025) · eClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103270 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“67,68 Most studies did not standardise dosing and titration of LLMs according to the said physiological targets, nor did they control diet or physical activity levels, which likely explains the lack of differences in physiological outcomes between intervention and con-trol groups.”
- Authors
- Bacon, S. L., Sherwood, A., Hinderliter, A., & Blumenthal, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Blumenthal, James A
- Venue
- Sports Medicine
- Published
- 2004
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 307-316
- ISSN
- 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2030762093
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL59672, HL-49572, R01HL059672, R01HL049572)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- hypertension, blood pressure reduction, exercise training, DASH diet, weight loss, behavioral interventions, overweight, left ventricular mass, arterial stiffness, endothelial function, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia
- MeSH terms
- Behavior Therapy, Blood Pressure, Diet, Endothelium, Vascular, Humans, Hypertension, Obesity, Weight Loss, Exercise, Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
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