The health effects of flooding: social research results from England and Wales
Open accessAbstract
This paper presents interview survey data by social scientists using established health measures on the health effects of flooding for residents in 30 locations in England and Wales. Firstly, it examines the extent to which flooded residents reported suffering physical and psychological health effects during and after the event. Secondly, it explores the issue of whether these effects were long-lasting by comparisons with the general population and with those at risk but not flooded. In the study, about two thirds of the flood victims were found to have scores on the General Health Questionnaire-12 scale indicative of mental health problems (scores of 4+) at their worst time after flooding. The evidence of the study also suggests that some flood victims suffered long term mental health effects as a result of their experience of flooding. The study examines the influence of a wide range of factors: characteristics of the flood event, types of property, and socio-demographic and the intervening factors such as the extent of family or community support that may explain the health effects of flooding. It finds that a complex set of social and other factors are involved and that some factors susceptible to human intervention such as having adequate flood insurance cover are important factors in the stress experienced by flood victims.
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The links between extreme weather events and mental health effects are well established.
“Within the disaster mental health literature, the links between extreme weather events and mental health effects are well established (see for example [51–59]).”
From Climate change and mental health: risks, impacts and priority actions (2018) · cites this paper as [51]
Tunstall et al. found that residents who experience significant flooding self-report long-term psychosocial impacts (namely anxiety when it rains) from 2.5 to 5 years post-flooding.
“Tunstall et al. on the other hand, found that residents who experience significant flooding self-report long-term psychosocial impacts (namely anxiety when it rains) from 2.5 to 5 years post-flooding [51].”
From Climate change and mental health: risks, impacts and priority actions (2018) · cites this paper as [51]
In a study of 30 locations in England and Wales, psychological impacts were more commonly reported than physical effects among residents affected by flooding.
“In a study of 30 locations in England and Wales, Tunstall et al. conducted interview surveys with residents affected by flooding. They found that psychological impacts were more commonly reported than physical effects [51].”
From Climate change and mental health: risks, impacts and priority actions (2018) · cites this paper as [51]
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Tunstall, S. M., McCarthy, S., & Faulkner, H. (2009) · Journal of Flood Risk Management · doi:10.1111/j.1753-318x.2009.01030.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationSocio‐Psychological Dimensions of Flood Risk Management
Tapsell, S. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781444324846.ch20 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationFirst, J. M., Ellis, K. N., Held, M. L., & Glass, F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168609 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Uddin, J., & Mazur, R. (2014) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czu057 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Insurance Issues as Secondary Stressors Following Flooding in Rural Australia—A Mixed Methods Study
McKenzie, J., Longman, J. M., Bailie, R. S., Braddon, M., Morgan, G. G., Jegasothy, E., & Bennett–Levy, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116383 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Flooding and the risk of PTSD, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Were the floods in the UK 2007 and Germany 2013 game-changers?
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Climate Change and Gender Equality
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Flood Disaster Management in Sungai Pahang Basin: Case of Temerloh
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- Authors
- Tunstall, S., Tapsell, S., Green, C., Floyd, P., & George, C.
- Affiliations
- Middlesex University London (GB)
- Risk & Policy Analysts (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Tunstall, Sylvia
- Venue
- Journal of Water and Health
- Publisher
- IWA Publishing
- Published
- 2006-04-01
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 365-380
- ISSN
- 1477-8920 (ISSN-L)
- 1996-7829
- OpenAlex
- W2124744265
- Cited by
- 190
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Water and Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Middlesex University Research Repository (Middlesex University Of London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Flood Risk Assessment and Management
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Disaster Management and Resilience
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Emergency Medical Services › Disaster Response and Management
- Keywords
- floods, mental health, psychological distress, physical health, long-term health effects, flood victims, GHQ-12, family and community support, flood insurance, sociodemographic factors, England and Wales
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Disasters, England, Female, Health, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sex Characteristics, Social Sciences, Time Factors, Wales, Age Distribution, Stress Disorders, Traumatic
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