Refrigerants: Market Trends and Supply Chain Assessment
Open accessAbstract
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), in partnership with ORNL, under the Clean Energy Manufacturing Analysis Center (CEMAC www.manufacturingcleanenergy.org) umbrella, assessed the current state of existing and low-GWP refrigerants for major end-use applications, including HVAC and those outside of the HVAC industry. The project incorporated a market overview, and supply chain assessment to determine the production, distribution, consumption, costs, and potential operating efficiency impacts of new and alternative refrigerants entering the market. Market trends and ongoing research are also documented. This work supplements other DOE efforts to support research activities on refrigerants and their applications including a refrigerant R&D roadmap and outlook into global air conditioning markets (Goetzler et al. 2014, 2016).
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Major PFAS groups from direct fluorination include hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroethers, hydrochlorofluoroolefins, and hydrofluoroolefins containing a -CF3 moiety, with global production over one megatonne per year.
“Major PFAS groups from direct fluorination include those hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroethers, hydrochlorofluoroolefins and hydrofluoroolefins that contain a -CF3 moiety and have an overall global production of over one megatonne/year (24).”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
Section 2.2 (page not available) says major commercial routes for HFCs and HFOs involve a reaction with hydrofluoric acid, and section 2.1.3.1 reports HFC production quantities. The cited paper does not identify the listed compounds as major PFAS groups from direct fluorination, address hydrofluoroethers or the -CF3 qualifier, or establish combined global production above one megatonne per year. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAnnual global production of PFAS exceeds one megatonne.
“More than a megatonne is produced yearly and thousands of PFAS wind up in end-use products.”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
Table 1 in §1.1 reports annual end uses of major refrigerants, not global PFAS production. A search for PFAS production and a one-megatonne annual figure found no passage in our copy that establishes the claimed amount. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment
Evich, M. G., Davis, M. J. B., McCord, J. P., Acrey, B., Awkerman, J. A., Knappe, D. R. U., Lindstrom, A. B., Speth, T. F., Tebes-Stevens, C., Strynar, M. J., et al. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg9065 · Cited by 2,157 · see citing works
“Including a range of low molecular-weight/low boiling-point compounds that are used as refrigerants, heat-transfer fluids, solvents, and foaming agents (2, 24), these compounds replaced ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons.”
- Authors
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), G., Booten, C., USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), E. E. O. B. T. O., Nicholson, S., Mann, M., & Abdelaziz, O.
- Affiliations
- National Laboratory of the Rockies (US)
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (US)
- Published
- 2020-02-07
- OpenAlex
- W3008016455
- Semantic Scholar
- 8955590002e060b9f1c9100d4fc127026be8264e
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 3
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Energy Efficiency Office. Building Technologies Office
- DOE (AC36-08GO28308)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Energy Efficiency and Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Adsorption and Cooling Systems
- Keywords
- refrigerants, low-GWP refrigerants, market trends, supply chain assessment, HVAC systems, air conditioning, operational efficiency
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