Interactions Between Growth Hormone and the Thyroid Gland - with Special Reference to Biochemical Diagnosis
Abstract
The diagnosis of pituitary disorders is difficult because several hormone systems are involved. The clinical presentation is often vague and slowly progressing, and clinicians therefore have to rely very much on correct biochemical measurements. This is also associated with difficulties since the pituitary hormones interact, the binding proteins are influenced by the other axes and a variety of other effects, and finally the hormone measurements in serum are not totally adequate Several studies have investigated the interaction between the thyroid and growth hormone axes with very variable results. The present review is focussing on the aspects related to clinical decision making based on biochemical assessments. Because of the strong and sometimes unpredictable interrelations between the hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid and the hypothalamo-GH-IGF axes, and the many pitfalls in the measurement of peripheral hormones and interpretation of stimulation tests, clinicians and clinical biochemists should collaborate closely. Only then can the diagnostic accuracy and the management of patients with both growth hormone and thyroid disorders be improved.
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Thyroid hormones enhance GH sensitivity and rise both IGF1 levels and ALS, thus also increasing GH metabolic effect during therapies and allowing correct evaluation of somatotrope function.
“On the contrary, thyroid hormones enhance GH sensitivity and rise both IGF1 levels and ALS, thus also increasing GH metabolic effect during therapies (54) and allowing a correct evaluation of the somatotrope function.”
From The diagnosis and management of central hypothyroidism in 2018 (2019) · cites this paper as [54]
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Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Effraimidis, G., & Klose, M. (2021) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2021.111173 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic determination of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis: where do we stand?
Medici, M., Visser, W. E., Visser, T. J., & Peeters, R. P. (2015) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2014-1081 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The diagnosis and management of central hypothyroidism in 2018
Persani, L., Cangiano, B., & Bonomi, M. (2019) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-18-0515 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Klose, M., Marina, D., Hartoft-Nielsen, M.-L., Klefter, O., Gavan, V., Hilsted, L., Rasmussen, Å. K., & Feldt-Rasmussen, U. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1610 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationMazziotti, G., Mormando, M., Cristiano, A., Bianchi, A., Porcelli, T., Giampietro, A., Maffezzoni, F., Serra, V, De Marinis, L., & Giustina, A. (2014) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-14-0097 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Central hypothyroidism and its role for cardiovascular risk factors in hypopituitary patients
Feldt-Rasmussen, U., & Klose, M. (2016) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1047-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationRogozinski, A., Furioso, A., Glikman, P., Junco, M., Laudi, R., Reyes, A., & Löwenstein, A. (2012) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302012000500004 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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Klefter, O. N., & Feldt‐Rasmussen, U. (2009) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-09-0160 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Klose, M., & Benvenga, S. (2018) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-018-1738-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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Self-citationThyroid Genetics and the Cardiovascular System
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- Authors
- Feldt-Rasmussen, U.
- Venue
- Current Medicinal Chemistry
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2007-11-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 26
- Pages
- 2783-2788
- ISSN
- 0929-8673 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2043347430
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Medicinal Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- growth hormone, thyroid gland, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, pituitary disorders, biochemical diagnosis, hormone measurement, stimulation tests, hormone binding proteins, diagnostic accuracy
- MeSH terms
- Acromegaly, Animals, Humans, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Pituitary Diseases, Pituitary Gland, Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone, Thyroid Diseases, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Hormones, Human Growth Hormone
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