The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Molecular Mechanisms of Anti-Inflammatory Activity Mediated by Flavonoids
Abstract
Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids) are naturally occurring compounds, ubiquitous in all vascular plants. These compounds have been considered to possess anti-inflammatory properties, both in vitro and in vivo. Although not fully understood, these health-promoting effects have been mainly related to their interactions with several key enzymes, signaling cascades involving cytokines and regulatory transcription factors, and antioxidant systems. The biological effects of flavonoids will depend not only on these pharmacodynamic features but also on their pharmacokinetics, which are dependent on their chemical structure, administered dose schedule and route of administration. Thus, the therapeutic outcome mediated by flavonoids will result from a complex and interactive network of effects, whose prediction require a deep and integrated knowledge of those pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors. The aim of the present review is thus to provide an integrated update on the bioavailability and biotransformation of flavonoids and the mechanisms of activity at the molecular, cellular, organ and organism levels that may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Nitric oxide is produced in large quantities by the inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) in activated macrophages and neutrophils during defence and immunological reactions.”
From Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review (2010) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“In addition these reactive species play important roles in inflammation by being trigger elements or by being signalling messenger molecules.”
From Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review (2010) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Nevertheless, their overproduction may be responsible for damage at inflammatory sites.”
From Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review (2010) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Peroxide hydrogen can also oxidise halide ions (Cl-) to hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which is a strong oxidant that can react with amines producing chloramines, some of them being very toxic [18,19,20,21,22].”
From Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review (2010) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Essential oils are complex mixtures isolated from aromatic plants which may possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of interest in thye food and cosmetic industries as well as in the human health field.”
From Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review (2010) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“However this reactive species can also exerts its toxicity by generating the peroxynitrite anion after reacting with the superoxide anion radical [22,23,24,25].”
From Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review (2010) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Hydrogen peroxide can then also be reduced by transition metal ions generating the hydroxyl radical (HO°), one of the strongest oxidizing agents that can rapidly react with polyunsaturated fatty acids, resulting the production of peroxyl radicals (ROO•).”
From Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review (2010) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Nevertheless and during an inflammatory process, there is also the generation of other free radicals named RNS (reactive nitrogen species). Nitric oxide (•NO) and peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-) are two examples of this sort of radicals.”
From Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review (2010) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“ROS and RNS act as modulators of protein and lipid kinases and phosphatases, membrane receptors, ion channels, and transcription factors, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which regulate the expression of key cytokines [22].”
From Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review (2010) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Phagocytosis of bacteria, which occurs during inflammation, is accompanied by a dramatic increase in oxygen consumption resulting in the formation of superoxide anion radical (O2•-) which is quickly converted to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), spontaneously, or by the enzyme superoxide dismutase.”
From Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review (2010) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“ROS and RNS are generated in phagocytes in order to neutralise the invading organisms, having therefore an important role in the host defence mechanism.”
From Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review (2010) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that is released from cell membranes by phospholipase A2 under the stimulus of several factors associated with inflammation. The same fatty acid is metabolised by cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways in different eicosanoids such as prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs) in diverse cells and thromboxane A2 in platlets [22].”
From Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review (2010) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“The inhibition of activity or expression of COX-2 by some anti-inflammatory is due to the interference with the signalling mechanisms that regulate the COX-2 gene. In this gene, four transcription factors including NF-κB, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP), activator protein 1 (AP-1) and CRE-binding protein (CREB) have been identified as regulators of COX-2 transcription [22,126].”
From Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review (2010) · cites this paper as [22]
Citations
Cites
Techniques of flavonoid identification.
Markham, K. R. (1982) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 1,255
Jovanović, S. V., Steenken, S., Simic, M., & Hara, Y. (1998) · Cited by 126
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–228 of 228
Ex Vivo and In Vivo Anti-inflammatory Evaluations of Modulated Flavanones Solutions
Bustos-Salgado, P., Rodríguez-Lagunas, M. J., Domínguez-Villegas, V., Andrade-Carrera, B., Calpena, A. C., & Garduño-Ramı́rez, M. L. (2020) · International Electronic Conference on Pharmaceutics (IECP) · doi:10.3390/iecp2020-08657
Saba, E., Oh, M. J., Kwak, D., Roh, S., Kwon, H.-W., Kim, S., & Rhee, M. H. (2017) · Korean Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.14405/kjvr.2017.57.2.97
Anti-inflammatory activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Helychrisum faradifani (Asteraceae) in mice
ANDRIAMAMPIANINA, T. T., ANDRIAMALALA, S. G., Randimbivololona, F., QUANSAH, N., & RANDRIANAVONY, P. (2022) · World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences · doi:10.30574/wjbphs.2022.12.2.0206
Tsiklauri, L., An, G., Alania, M., Kemertelidze, E., & Morris, M. E. (2023) · GEORGIAN SCIENTISTS · doi:10.52340/gs.2023.05.02.31
Bioprospecção e etnobotânica de plantas nativas e cultivadas no Nordeste do Brasil
(2024) · Editora Poisson eBooks · doi:10.36229/978-65-5866-377-5
de Oliveira, D. P., Frota, L. S., Barbosa, S. I. C. G., Lopes, F. F. D. S., da Silva, W. M. B., & de Morais, S. M. (2024) · Editora Poisson eBooks · doi:10.36229/978-65-5866-377-5.cap.04
da Silva, A. A., Rodrigues, A. L. M., da Silva, A. R. A., Felix, S. F., & de Morais, S. M. (2024) · Editora Poisson eBooks · doi:10.36229/978-65-5866-377-5.cap.02
Guerra, D. L., Rodrigues, A. L. M., Alves, D. R., Neves, A. M., Mendes, J. D. F. S., Fontenelle, R. O. D. S., Silveira, E. R., & de Morais, S. M. (2024) · Editora Poisson eBooks · doi:10.36229/978-65-5866-377-5.cap.03
Rodrigues, A. L. M., Montes, R. A., Vieira, Í. G. P., & de Morais, S. M. (2024) · Editora Poisson eBooks · doi:10.36229/978-65-5866-377-5.cap.01
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaerth - Caracterização química e ação antioxidante e antifúngica
Lopes, F. F. D. S., da Silva, M. V. F., Fontenele, G. A., Fernandes, V. B., Alves, D. R., Neves, A. M., Frota, L. S., Fontenelle, R. O. D. S., & de Morais, S. M. (2024) · Editora Poisson eBooks · doi:10.36229/978-65-5866-377-5.cap.05
Um estudo etnobotânico de plantas medicinais na cidade de Caucaia, Ceará
Barbosa, S. I. C. G., Alves, D. R., da Silva, W. M. B., Frota, L. S., & de Morais, S. M. (2024) · Editora Poisson eBooks · doi:10.36229/978-65-5866-377-5.cap.07
Caryocar sp. (Pequi) e seu potencial farmacológico
Alves, D. R., de Sousa, V. C., Barbosa, S. I. C. G., & de Morais, S. M. (2024) · Editora Poisson eBooks · doi:10.36229/978-65-5866-377-5.cap.06
Antioxidant methods, in vitro and in vivo studies of phenolic acids
Pedreiro, S., Lopes, M., Sanches-Silva, A. T., & Ramos, F. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18538-0.00013-5
Ladeska, V., Elya, B., Hanafi, M., & Kusmardi, K. (2024) · Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis · doi:10.25077/jsfk.11.1.1-6.2024
Hendrawan, S., Ambarwati, C., & Tukiran, T. (2025) · JURNAL PIJAR MIPA · doi:10.29303/jpm.v20i4.9024
Downregulation of NLRP3 by synthesized nanoencapsulated quercetin in human monocyte-like macrophages
Mehrzad, J., Moradkhani, S., Fazel, B., Ayazi, F., Malakootikhah, J., & Khosravi, A. (2025) · Colloid & Nanoscience Journal · doi:10.61882/cnj.3.2.610
Bondonno, N. P., Liu, Y. L., Zheng, Y., Ivey, K. L., Willett, W. C., Stampfer, M. J., Rimm, E. B., & Cassidy, A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26589162
Leite, P. M., Miranda, A. P. N., Amorim, J. M., Duarte, R. C. F., Faraco, A. A. G., Ferriani, M. D. G. C., & Castilho, R. O. (2025) · Journal of Medicinal Plants · doi:10.61882/jmp.24.93.53
Ethnopharmacology and Toxicological Profiles of Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Herbs
Kalita, C. K., & Kumar, A. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-5876-5.ch007
Propriétés anti-oxydants, anti-inflammatoires et antispasmodiques d’Ocimum basilicum
Bensaid, A. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/3f2752bfzd83cz4296zb2c8z16170cc69251
Stožinić, M., Petrović, J. S., Šojić, B., Pajin, B. S., Gere, A., Ačkar, Đ., Nikolić, I., & Lončarević, I. (2026) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr14111729
Alabi, M. A., Adigun, T. O., Ibrahim, R. B., & Ajani, E. O. (2026) · Reference series in phytochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-80866-1_27-1
Zhang, C., Zheng, Y., Jiang, C., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2026.1812050
Kurniawan, A. (2026) · Journal of Ethnic Foods · doi:10.1186/s42779-026-00326-5
BindingDB Entry 50043752: Inhibition of LOX by flavonoids: a structure-activity relationship study.
BindingDB (2014) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q27h1m2p
Metadata
- Authors
- Gomes, A., Fernandes, E., Lima, J., Mira, L., & Corvo, M.
- Affiliations
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Venue
- Current Medicinal Chemistry
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2008-07-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 1586-1605
- ISSN
- 0929-8673 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2117790528
- Cited by
- 227
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 8.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Medicinal Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Flavonoids in Medical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Synthesis of Organic Compounds
- Keywords
- flavonoids, anti-inflammatory activity, bioavailability, biotransformation, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, antioxidant defense, cytokines, transcription factors, enzyme interaction, molecular mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antioxidants, Flavonoids, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Cell Proliferation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
