Sex-genetic interaction in the risk for cerebrovascular disease
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) is one of the major causes of death and a leading cause of disability worldwide. CeVD is a complex and multifactorial disease caused by the interaction of environment and genetic factors. Women have lower CeVD incidence than men until an advanced age, when the incidence of CeVD rises dramatically in women. Therefore, sex has been validated as an important risk factor in the etiology of CeVD, especially ischemic stroke. Although the importance of sex steroids have been heavily studied in the mechanism of neuronal injury, the experimental and clinical data suggest that hormones do not fully account for male versus female CeVD patterns. Sex-specific genetic processes have been implicated in the different rate of risk for atherosclerosis and CeVD. In this review, we discuss sex-specific CeVD processes, describe the hormonal impact on the risk for CeVD, the results from studies in transgenic animals, and from human genetic studies. Moreover, heritability of ischemic stroke in women and men as well as identification of possible sex-specific biomarkers for CeVD are discussed. Understanding the complex interactions between hormonal and genetic mechanisms in the CeVD risk will allow for new sex-specific approaches in disease treatment and prevention in clinical practice.
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ELVs are di-hydroxylated derivatives of 32:6n-3 or 34:6n-3 biosynthesized in the brain by ELOVL4, an enzyme essential for the synthesis of very long chain-fatty acids with chain lengths ≥ 28 carbons that is mainly expressed in neurons and enriched in the hippocampus.
“ELVs are di-hydroxylated derivatives of 32:6n-3 or 34:6n-3 biosynthesized in the brain by ELOVL4, an enzyme essential for the synthesis of very long chain-fatty acids with chain lengths ≥ 28 carbons that is mainly expressed in neurons and enriched in the hippocampus (Pastore et al., 2017).”
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- Authors
- Pastore, D., Pacifici, F., Capuani, B., Palmirotta, R., Dong, C., Coppola, A., Abete, P., Roselli, M., Sbraccia, P., Guadagni, F., Lauro, D., Rundek, T., & Della-Morte, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
- University of Miami (US)
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IT)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- ORCID
- Venue
- Current Medicinal Chemistry
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2017-09-11
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 2687-2699
- ISSN
- 0929-8673 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2609581908
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 2.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Medicinal Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- cerebrovascular disease, sex differences, ischemic stroke, sex hormones, sex steroids, atherosclerosis, heritability, sex-specific biomarkers, transgenic animal models, genetic epidemiology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Humans, Risk Factors, Sex Characteristics
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