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Adverse Effects of Statins - Myths and Reality
Abstract
Statins reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity as well as cardiovascular events in patients with a very high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and also in subjects with high or moderate risk by reducing the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Although they are considered to be drugs with a very good safety profile, because of their wide use there are many concerns that their adverse effects might compromise their proven beneficial effects. Therefore this article reviews all the data and provides an evidence- based insight what are the proven adverse effects of statins and what are the "myths" about them. The most important side effects include myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. Another side effect is increased activity of liver tests which occurs occasionally and is reversible. However, recent studies even suggest that statin therapy can improve hepatic steatosis. It is beyond any doubt that statins do slightly increase the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in people with two or more components of metabolic syndrome but the cardiovascular benefits of such a treatment by far exceed this risk. Statin therapy has also been associated with some adverse renal effects, eg. acute renal failure, but recent data suggest even a possible protective effect of these drugs on renal dysfunction. Concerns that statins might increase cancer have not been proven. On the contrary, several studies have indicated a possible benefit of these drugs in patients with different types of cancer. Early concerns about cognitive dysfunction and memory loss associated with statins use could not be proven and most recent data even suggest a possible beneficial effect of statins in the prevention of dementia. Systematic reviews and clinical guidelines suggest that the cardiovascular benefits of statins by far out-weight non-cardiovascular harms in patients with cardiovascular risk.
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In the citing paper
“the use of high-intensity statins increases side effects”
From Nutraceuticals in the Management of Dyslipidemia: Which, When, and for Whom? Could Nutraceuticals Help Low-Risk Individuals with Non-optimal Lipid Levels? (2021) · cites this paper as [102]
In the citing paper
“these are associated with reduced therapy adherence and compliance”
From Nutraceuticals in the Management of Dyslipidemia: Which, When, and for Whom? Could Nutraceuticals Help Low-Risk Individuals with Non-optimal Lipid Levels? (2021) · cites this paper as [102]
In the citing paper
“statins are the drugs of choice in patients with high LDL-C levels and moderate to high CV risk”
From Nutraceuticals in the Management of Dyslipidemia: Which, When, and for Whom? Could Nutraceuticals Help Low-Risk Individuals with Non-optimal Lipid Levels? (2021) · cites this paper as [102]
In the citing paper
“The use of high-intensity statins increases the risk of adverse effects and, therefore, worsens adherence (11,124).”
From The Role of Nutraceuticals in Statin Intolerant Patients (2018) · cites this paper as [124]
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“…of reducing plasma cholesterol concentration than curcumin, but some adverse effects have been reported for statins such as myopathy, which necessitates screening alternative medicines with more minor side-effects like curcumin (Calderon, Cubeddu, Goldberg, & Schiff, 2010; Simic and Reiner, 2015).”
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“statins have many serious adverse effects so they stop taking the statins after some time or do not adhere to the prescribed dose (9,11,12).”
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“The 2015 review by Šimi´c et al. delves into the adverse effects of statins, addressing concerns about their safety amidst widespread use [109].”
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Pastori, D., Pani, A., Rocco, A. D., Menichelli, D., Gazzaniga, G., Farcomeni, A., D’Erasmo, L., Angelico, F., Ben, M. D., & Baratta, F. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.14943 · Cited by 90
“14,15 Thus, transient asymptomatic elevations in aminotransferases could occur in 0.1 – 3% of patients, while fulminant hepatic failure is an extremely rare event (2 in 1 million of treated patients).”
BackgroundInfluentialMerćep, I., Friščić, N., Strikić, D., & Reiner, Ž. (2022) · Cardiovascular Therapeutics · doi:10.1155/2022/8129513 · Cited by 85
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“Nevertheless, a part of patients with hypercholesterolemia still fail to achieve the LDL-C target recommended by current guidelines, and some discontinue therapy due to statin-related side effects.([3,4]) The problems are persistent even when treated with combination of statins and other lipid-modifying agents,([5]) w…”
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“However, it is very difficult to define what statin intolerance really is -- although statin myopathy is most often accompanied with an increase of CK (> 10 times the upper limit of normal), individuals can have muscle pains as an adverse effect of statin treatment without it [9,10].”
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“Claims of connection of long-term statin treatment with new neoplastic processes were disproved and claims of cognitive deterioration while on statin treatment could not be proven in recent studies [28].”
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“number of statin users report side effects, which can result in a partial or complete intolerance to statin therapy.(3) Statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) are the most common cause of statin discontinuation.”
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“However, several potential side effects (such as gastrointestinal discomfort, hepatotoxicity, and renal injury) frequently make the patients intolerant and decide to decrease or stop the use of them.([7,8]) Therefore, the development of more effective and safe drugs for the treatment of DM and hyperlipidemia is urgent…”
Zhang, Y., Feng, X., Du, M., Ding, J., & Liu, P. (2022) · International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/03946320221079468 · Cited by 31
“In recent decades, statins have been used to treat AS, with many side effects, such as myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, and acute renal failure.(31) Thus, more effective methods are needed for treating AS.”
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“A few reviews [28,29] done in the past have”
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“High-dose statins are often accompanied by adverse side-effects, such as myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, increased circulating transaminase level and risk of diabetes mellitus [13].”
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“related to the risk–benefit ratio of this pharmacological therapy [33].”
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“However, in randomized trials and in real-world clinical setting, these differences concerning the effects of statins on myopathy risk have not been proven [20].”
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“However, in rare cases, statins are unsuitable due to unacceptable side effects and adverse effects such as rhabdomyolysis and myalgia [23].”
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“with the PCSK9 inhibitors but is known to be a risk with statin therapy, particularly with higher doses of the more potent statins and in patients with susceptibility to diabetes [14,52,53].”
BackgroundStatins and Abnormal Liver Function Tests: Is There a Correlation?
Ashraf, J., Khan, M. A., Minhaj, S., Khatti, S., Aarij, K. M., Shehzad, D. M., & Khan, T. M. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.10145 · Cited by 15
“This could be due to the fact that like most medications, statins are primarily metabolized in the liver [9]; this can lead to direct hepatocellular injury, causing deranged liver function tests.”
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“Another reason for not extending intensive statin use is that long-term high-dose statin use may pose a higher risk of adverse effect to participants, including myopathy, kidney or liver damage and memory loss or confusion [22].”
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“Physicians often prescribe low or moderate doses of statins instead of high-intensity statins in order to reduce adverse effects (20,21).”
Lipid-lowering Therapy and Goal Achievement in High-risk Patients From French General Practice
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“This is also supported by a systematic review which reported muscle symptoms as the most important adverse effect of statin treatment but re-emphasized the very low incidence of myopathy in randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials of statins.(28) A 2002 joint Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de…”
ResultWang, D., Cao, Y., Meng, M., Qiu, J. F., Ni, C., Guo, X., Li, Y., Liu, S., Yu, J. L., Guo, M., et al. (2024) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3002621 · Cited by 12
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Cholesterol in myasthenia gravis
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“Though intolerance to statins was considered as one of the main causes of insufficient LDL-C response to statin treatment (109), our findings add strong evidence to the current view that the cardiovascular benefits of statins far outweigh noncardiovascular harms in patients with cardiovascular risk (110).”
BackgroundTherapeutic Effects of Statins: Promising Drug for Topical and Transdermal Administration
Zahedipour, F., Hosseini, S. A., Reiner, Ž., Tedeschi-Reiner, E., Jamialahmadi, T., & Sahebkar, A. (2023) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867330666230508141434 · Cited by 10
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“Nevertheless, it is worth noting that statins often exhibit adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, gastrointestinal disturbances, and myotoxicity [4].”
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“Although the cardiovascular benefits of statins have been extensively studied, current data suggest that some statins cause more adverse effects and that higher doses may be more harmful to patients [16].”
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“The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning in 2012 that statin use may increase the risk of diabetes mellitus and may cause reversible memory loss, based on case reports identified in pharmacologic clinical trials and adverse event (AE) reporting systems [17].”
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Why might visit-to visit variability of lipoproteins have an effect on cardiovascular events?
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“Commonly reported adverse effects include myalgia, fatigue, and gastrointestinal discomfort, often leading to treatment discontinuation or suboptimal adherence [7, 8].”
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“Some patients are reluctant to take statins at the first place due to concerns of drug side effects.(4)”
BackgroundMicroRNA-mediated Regulation of LDL Receptor: Biological and Pharmacological Implications
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“Statin use to target LDL-C levels is a complex decision [5].”
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“However, statins have several adverse effects such as myalgia, cramps, and skeletal muscle weakness as well as myopathy and rhabdomyolysis in some cases [6,7].”
BackgroundMuscle Wasting and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in COPD: Implications for Patient Management
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“potentially life-threatening rhabdomyolysis [22].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Simic, I., & Reiner, Z.
- Venue
- Current Pharmaceutical Design
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2015-01-03
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1220-1226
- ISSN
- 1381-6128 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1980114153
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 8.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Pharmaceutical Design (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Lipids, and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions
- Keywords
- statins, adverse drug reactions, myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, hepatotoxicity, hepatic steatosis, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, renal effects, acute kidney injury, cancer risk, cognitive impairment, dementia prevention, cardiovascular risk, LDL cholesterol lowering
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Muscular Diseases, Rhabdomyolysis, Risk Assessment, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
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