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The Transport Mechanism of Extracellular Vesicles at the Blood-Brain Barrier
Abstract
Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs), like exosomes and microvesicles, have attracted attention as potent carriers of intercellular communication throughout the body, including the brain. They transmit biological signals from donor cells to recipient cells, and recent evidence suggests that they may even carry such signals to distant destinations through peripheral circulation. In the central nervous system (CNS), EVs contribute to maintaining normal neuronal function, as well as to the pathological development of neurodegenerative diseases. Although some evidence has suggested that EVs can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), moving from the peripheral circulation to the CNS, the mechanisms by which EVs facilitate communication between peripheral tissues and the CNS are not well understood. The BBB is a dynamic interface that regulates molecular trafficking between the peripheral circulation and the CNS. However, there is limited mechanistic understanding of how bloodborne EVs cross the BBB under physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we focus on current knowledge of trafficking of EVs between the peripheral circulation and the brain. Moreover, we describe hypothetical transport routes by which EVs may cross the BBB based on previous reports. Further investigation is needed to understand the precise mechanisms by which EVs are transported across the BBB.
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“In addition, EVs have inherent targeting capabilities and can cross the BBB, facilitating efficient delivery of therapeutic cargo to the CNS [54–57].”
From Extracellular vesicles as nanotheranostic platforms for targeted neurological disorder interventions (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
In the citing paper
“Brain-derived EVs have been found to harbor the ability to penetrate the BBB. This breakdown is crucial as it potentially allows for releasing these EVs into peripheral circulation [54–57].”
From Extracellular vesicles as nanotheranostic platforms for targeted neurological disorder interventions (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
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Temporally Altered miRNA Expression in a Piglet Model of Hypoxic Ischemic Brain Injury
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Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Substance Abuse and HIV-Related Neurological Pathologies
Odegaard, K. E., Chand, S., Wheeler, S. P., Tiwari, S., Flores, A., Hernandez, J. B., Savine, M., Gowen, A. M., Pendyala, G., & Yelamanchili, S. V. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21186765 · Cited by 27
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“Exosomes might be degraded by lysosomes or their content released into the cytoplasm through a back fusion event or trafficking from the multivesicular body to the plasma membrane as neo formed intraluminal vesicles in the receiving cell[92].”
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Yu, Y., Wang, Z., Chai, Z., Ma, S., Li, A., & Li, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26178272 · Cited by 22
“More importantly, because of their nanoscale size, CNS-derived EVs can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), facilitating the protected transport of key cargoes into body fluids, such as plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, and urine, among others [14].”
Extracellular vesicles for developing targeted hearing loss therapy
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“As a novel nano-drug delivery system, exosomes have attracted extensive attention due to their excellent compatibility and ability to cross the BBB [69].”
Khoury, R. E., & Nagy, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2023.1154872 · Cited by 20
“sEVs follow a complex journey from being secreted by parental cells in the periphery to crossing the blood-brain barrier and infiltrating into the brain (Matsumoto et al., 2017).”
BackgroundXu, J., Wang, J., Chen, Y., Hou, Y., Hu, J., & Wang, G. (2022) · Regenerative Biomaterials · doi:10.1093/rb/rbac064 · Cited by 18
“Meanwhile, the small size of EVs (<200 nm), which can penetrate the endothelial barrier and enter deep tissue, are widely applied in nanomedicine [10].”
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“In addition to the NVU role in brain homeostasis and its integrity, the interaction of different NVU cells orchestrate, in a very careful way, the neurovascular coupling by the release of molecular mediators, recently identified as extracellular vesicles (EVs) [28,29].”
BackgroundXu, C., Yu, H., Chen, B., Ma, Y., & Lv, P. (2022) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-021-03492-x · Cited by 23
“Exosomes are widely present in body fluids and freely cross the blood–brain barrier into the peripheral blood circulation system [24].”
BackgroundProgress and perspectives on nanoplatforms for drug delivery to the brain
Xu, Y., Wei, L., & Wang, H. (2020) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101636 · Cited by 20
Implications of Anti-Inflammatory Nature of Exosomes in Knee Arthritis
FANG, W. H., & Vangsness, C. T. (2020) · Cartilage · doi:10.1177/1947603520904766 · Cited by 15
Mantile, F., Franco, P., Stoppelli, M. P., & Liguori, G. L. (2020) · Advances in biomembranes and lipid self-assembly · doi:10.1016/bs.abl.2020.05.006 · Cited by 22
Advancing through the blood-brain barrier: mechanisms, challenges and drug delivery strategies
Vargas, R., Martínez-Martínez, N., Lizano-Barrantes, C., Molina, J. A. P., García‐Montoya, E., Pérez‐Lozano, P., Suñé-Negre, J. M., Suñé, C., & Suñé-Pou, M. (2025) · ADMET & DMPK · doi:10.5599/admet.2988 · Cited by 22
“Exosomes have demonstrated the ability to cross the BBB and play a role in peripheral-to-brain communication, contributing to normal neuronal function [85].”
Ghosh, M., Bayat, A., & Pearse, D. D. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26157246 · Cited by 19
“…endocytosis, and trafficking via immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages, a phenomenon often referred to as “cellular hitchhiking” [17,18]. sEVs of CNS origin have been successfully detected in peripheral biofluids such as plasma, saliva, and urine, enabling the development of…”
MicroRNAs’ Impact on Heart Diseases
Cordeiro, M. A. S., de Carvalho, A. E. T. S., & Spadari, R. C. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26125566 · Cited by 18
“The resulting precursor microRNA (pre-microRNA) is exported to the cytoplasm by exportin-5 through pores in the nuclear membrane [38].”
Host and microbiota derived extracellular vesicles: Crucial players in iron homeostasis
Daou, Y., Falabrègue, M., Pourzand, C., Peyssonnaux, C., & Edeas, M. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.985141 · Cited by 19
“Is ferritin transferred via EVs to be stored in hepatocytes? Do they serve in delivering ferritin to free mitochondria? Do mitochondria export iron via MDVs? On another note, EVs should be tested for any ability to deliver iron to distal sites especially to the brain knowing that they can cross the blood brain barrier…”
BackgroundChoroid plexus-derived extracellular vesicles exhibit brain targeting characteristics
Pauwels, M. J., Xie, J., Ceroi, A., Balusu, S., Castelein, J., Wonterghem, E. V., Imschoot, G. V., Ward, A., Menheniott, T. R., Gustafsson, O., et al. (2022) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121830 · Cited by 19
Targeting ETosis by miR-155 inhibition mitigates mixed granulocytic asthmatic lung inflammation
Kim, J. Y., Stevens, P., Karpurapu, M., Lee, H., Englert, J., Yan, P., Lee, T. J., Pabla, N., Pietrzak, M., Park, G., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.943554 · Cited by 17
“They also have been shown to be a mode of transport across the blood– brain barrier (63).”
BackgroundTeli, P., Kale, V. P., & Vaidya, A. (2021) · Current Research in Translational Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.retram.2021.103286 · Cited by 22
Liquid biopsy markers for stroke diagnosis
Wijerathne, H., Witek, M. A., Baird, A. E., & Soper, S. A. (2020) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1080/14737159.2020.1777859 · Cited by 23
“Therefore, EVs isolated from blood plasma could provide real time information on changes occurring in the brain [125].”
BackgroundMacrophage-centered therapy strategies: A promising weapon in cancer immunotherapy
Wang, S., Liu, J., Cui, Y., Sun, M., Wang, W., Chen, J., Gu, J., & Yang, Z. (2025) · Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ajps.2025.101063 · Cited by 10
Isolation of sensory hair cell specific exosomes in human perilymph
Zhuang, P., Phung, S., Warnecke, A., Arambula, A. M., Peter, M. S., He, M., & Staecker, H. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136282 · Cited by 16
Wang, L., Jiang, J., Zhou, T., Xue, X., & Cao, Y. (2021) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2021/6613510 · Cited by 17
“Exosomes can pass through the BBB and establish communication between peripheral tissues and the central nervous system [6, 7].”
BackgroundRetractedThe Role of Vesicle Trafficking and Release in Oligodendrocyte Biology
Reiter, C. R., & Bongarzone, E. R. (2019) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-019-02913-2 · Cited by 17
“EVs are highly stable in the extracellular space, have the capacity to carry a wide array of molecules, are capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier [50], maintain donor cell markers to indicate their origin, and are often highjacked by invaders to evade immune detection and gain cell entry [51].”
BackgroundTam, S., Wear, D., Morrone, C. D., & Yu, W. H. (2024) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.16108 · Cited by 20
“In addition to transcytosis, other mechanisms such as transporter-mediated uptake, lipid raft-mediated endocytosis, and micropinocytosis, have been explored as potential pathways for EV transport across the BBB (Banks et al., 2020; Chen et al., 2016; Saint-Pol et al., 2020).”
Extracellular Vesicles in Psychiatry Research in the Context of RDoC Criteria
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Exploring Exosome-Based Approaches for Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases
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“Due to their ability to cross the BBB, exosomes are promising carriers for oligonucleotide-based treatments, such as miRNAs, siRNAs, and anti-sense oligonucleotides (ASOs) [175, 176].”
Xu, L., Li, B., Li, F., Quan, M., Qin, W., Li, Y., Li, W., Zhao, Y., Wei, Y., & Jia, J. (2023) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.14139 · Cited by 14
Wu, C.-S., Yu, J., Xu, G.-H., Gao, H., Sun, Y., Huang, J., Sun, L., Zhang, X., & Cui, Z.-M. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroinformatics · doi:10.3389/fninf.2021.662967 · Cited by 14
“Exosomes serve as biomarkers of SCI, and they are considered to have a large potential for treatment because of their relatively less limitation of BSCB in 48 h (Matsumoto et al., 2017; Zhao and Zlokovic, 2017; Gao et al., 2018; Ramirez et al., 2018).”
BackgroundIntranasal Delivery: Effects on the Neuroimmune Axes and Treatment of Neuroinflammation
Rhea, E. M., Logsdon, A. F., Banks, W. A., & Erickson, M. A. (2020) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12111120 · Cited by 15
Self-citationDEFA1B inhibits ZIKV replication and retards cell cycle progression through interaction with ORC1
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“Previous studies indicated that exosomes as small transporters can easily get through placental barrier and blood-brain barrier [40,41].”
Genetics and Extracellular Vesicles of Pediatrics Sleep Disordered Breathing and Epilepsy
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Serum Exosomes from Newborn Piglets Restrict Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection
Chen, J., Jin, L., Yan, M., Yang, Z. X., Wang, H., Geng, S., Gong, Z., & Liu, G. (2019) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00195 · Cited by 14
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Gu, J., Wu, J., Cao, Y., Zou, X., Jia, X., Yin, Y., Shen, L., Fang, D.-H., & Mao, L.-X. (2020) · Msphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00377-20 · Cited by 13
“In consideration that sEVs could transfer their cargo across the blood-brain barrier (11), it may be related to EV-A71 infection in the CNS.”
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Roy, J. W., Saucier, D., O’Connell, C. M., & Morin, P. (2019) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2019.07.012 · Cited by 15
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“125 Besides the uptake of exogenous exosomes from the bloodstream, brain-resident cells astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and neurons actively secrete endogenous exosomes.”
Daksh, R., Sharma, P., Khanna, S., Mudgal, J., Hariharapura, R. C., & Nampoothiri, M. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.142829 · Cited by 11
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“Therefore, EVs could be suggested as potential vesicles to transfer peripheral signaling molecules to induce delirium [41,42].”
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“Because miRNAs are so small, they can easily be transported across biofluid spaces, such as the blood–brain barrier.(21,22) This means that miRNAs originating from organs that otherwise require invasive sampling (e.”
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“BDEVs are released by neuronal (NDEVs) as well as by non-neuronal cells like oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia, and cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via transcytosis or other mechanisms (Matsumoto et al., 2017).”
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Yun, D., Gao, S., Lin, Y., Wu, X., Liang, A., & Sun, F. (2019) · Reproductive and Developmental Medicine · doi:10.4103/2096-2924.274549 · Cited by 11
“Recent evidence suggests that EVs could carry biological signals to distant destinations through the peripheral circulation, and the EVs can also cross the blood–brain barrier.[11,12] We assume that the testicular EVs may be involved in the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis, as the intratesticular testosterone is…”
BackgroundZhu, A., Jiang, Y., Pan, L., Li, J., Huang, Y., Shi, M., Di, L., Wang, L., & Wang, R. (2024) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.11.013 · Cited by 10
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Collier, M. E. W., Allcock, N., Sylvius, N. B., Cassidy, J., & Giorgini, F. (2025) · BMC Methods · doi:10.1186/s44330-025-00034-7 · Cited by 13
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“SCEs entering the brain from the blood can be categorized into three primary mechanisms: physical contact involving fusion or ligand-receptor interaction, paracytosis, and transcytosis [136,137].”
BackgroundThe Role of Biological Rhythms in New Drug Formulations to Cross the Brain Barriers
Mineiro, R., Albuquerque, T., Neves, A. R., Santos, C. R. A., Costa, D. R. B., & Quintela, T. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241612541 · Cited by 10
Nanostructures and Nanotechnologies for the Detection of Extracellular Vesicle
Ye, S., You, Q., Song, S.-Y., Wang, H.-Y., Wang, C., Zhu, L., & Yang, Y.-L. (2022) · Advances in Biology · doi:10.1002/adbi.202200201 · Cited by 9
Calderazzo, S. M., Covert, M., de Alba, D., Bowley, B. G. E., Pessina, M. A., Rosene, D. L., Buller, B., Medalla, M., & Moore, T. L. (2022) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.08.001 · Cited by 8
Treating Cerebral Ischemia: Novel Therapeutic Strategies from Experimental Stroke Research
Zheng, X., Haupt, M., Bähr, M., Tatenhorst, L., & Doeppner, T. R. (2021) · Exon Publications eBooks · doi:10.36255/exonpublications.cerebralischemia.2021.therapy · Cited by 10
“Unlike stem cells, the diameter of EVs is around 50 to 1000 nm, making EVs small enough to cross the BBB and directly affect the stroke area (56, 116).”
Tscherrig, V., Steinfort, M., Haesler, V., Surbek, D., Schoeberlein, A., & Joerger-Messerli, M. S. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13060543 · Cited by 10
“These findings align with other studies, suggesting the enhanced uptake of particles after inflammation due to the leakage of the blood–brain barrier [54,55].”
ResultNabariya, D. K., Heinz, A., Derksen, S., & Krauß, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2022.1000932 · Cited by 9
“Exosomes can be easily engineered due to their simple outer membrane composition and can easily cross the blood-brain barrier (reviewed in (Matsumoto et al., 2017)).”
BackgroundSerum-Derived Neuronal Exosomal microRNAs as Stress-Related Biomarkers in an Atopic Dermatitis Model
Sung, M. K., Sung, S., Kang, K., Choi, J.-H., Lee, S., Kim, K., Lim, J., Lee, G. W., Rim, H.-D., Won, S., et al. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9121764 · Cited by 8
“They can also pass through the blood–brain barrier in both directions and are known to be involved in cell–cell interactions [16].”
BackgroundNguyen, G., Noh, M. H., Kang, J. M., Miller, A. A., Huang, M., Kim, J., Lee, J., Chung, S., Wang, H., Calin, G. A., et al. (2025) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5c01897 · Cited by 10
Derisfard, F., Jafarinezhad, Z., Azarpira, N., Namavar, M. R., & Aligholi, H. (2024) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000002133 · Cited by 7
“Furthermore, the ability of exosome to cross the BBB efficiently makes it a friendly potential treatment in neurological diseases [15,16].”
Harnessing brain-derived extracellular vesicles to support RDoC-based drug development
Magaraggia, I., Krauskopf, J., Ramaekers, J., You, Y., de Nijs, L., Briedé, J., & Schreiber, R. (2024) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2024.105406 · Cited by 7
“Although it is generally assumed that BDEVs can cross the BBB via transcytosis (Matsumoto et al., 2017), a recent review by Ramos-Zaldívar et al. (2022) highlights a lack of strong evidence to support this claim.”
Abdi, S. M. Y., Bakri, S. S. M. A., & Nordin, N. (2024) · Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s12013-024-01598-x · Cited by 8
“These processes are activated to speed up the adsorption of exosomes from the blood into the brain tissue [14, 15].”
Vassileff, N., Spiers, J. G., Lee, J. D., Woodruff, T. M., Ebrahimie, E., Dehcheshmeh, M. M., Hill, A. F., & Cheng, L. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03857-z · Cited by 11
“Their unique biogenesis process which allows them to represent the physiological state of their parental cells, coupled with their ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), enables them to be a source of biomarkers [14, 15].”
Zhang, W., Uyemura, R., Zhong, K., Guo, R., & Zhong, L. (2023) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2023.1206 · Cited by 14
“While the mechanism in which EVs cross the BBB is not fully understood, one possible pathway is active transport, from one side of the cell to the other using biomolecule carriers on the cell membrane [66, 67].”
BackgroundHarrison, M. S., Driscoll, B. G., Farnsworth, J., Hinton, A. S., Peppi, M., McLean, W., & Parham, K. (2023) · Otology and Neurotology · doi:10.1097/mao.0000000000003994 · Cited by 7
Narayanan, M., Kulkarni, R., Jiang, S., Kashanchi, F., & Prasad, A. (2021) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/s12977-021-00570-4 · Cited by 9
“Various potential mechanisms have been posited through which EVs can cross the BBB, including adsorptive mediated or clathrin mediated transcytosis and paracellular diffusion by breakdown of the tight junctions [28].”
BackgroundIntranasal delivery systems for traumatic brain injury: Advancements and perspectives
Yoo, S. H., Heo, S. C., Bae, J. S., Lee, J. H., Knowles, J. C., & Kim, H. (2025) · Journal of Tissue Engineering · doi:10.1177/20417314251372373 · Cited by 5
Bone-Derived Factors: Regulating Brain and Treating Alzheimer’s Disease
Guan, Q., Cao, Y., Zou, J., & Zhang, L. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14091112 · Cited by 3
“For example, active transcytosis is considered to be the most likely pathway for extracellular vesicles (EV) to cross the BBB [9].”
Janpipatkul, K., Sutjarit, N., Tangprasittipap, A., Chaiamarit, T., Innachai, P., Suksen, K., Chokpanuwat, T., Tim-Aroon, T., Anurathapan, U., Jearawiriyapaisarn, N., et al. (2024) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-024-03376-7 · Cited by 6
“Numerous studies have explored the potential of EVs and exosomes as drug delivery vehicles capable of crossing or bypassing the BBB [15, 16].”
BackgroundDiagnostic and therapeutic potential of circular RNA in brain tumors
Katsushima, K., Joshi, K., & Perera, R. J. (2023) · Neuro-Oncology Advances · doi:10.1093/noajnl/vdad063 · Cited by 6
“37,38 Therefore, EVs circRNAs hold great potential for clinical diagnosis and treatment of Glioma.”
BackgroundNew perspectives in liquid biopsy for glioma patients
Pasqualetti, F., Rizzo, M., Franceschi, S., Lessi, F., Paiar, F., & Buffa, F. (2022) · Current Opinion in Oncology · doi:10.1097/cco.0000000000000902 · Cited by 6
Haddad, M., Perrotte, M., Khedher, M. R. B., Madec, E., Page, A. Y. L., Fülöp, T., & Ramassamy, C. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210441 · Cited by 10
“Moreover, EVs have attracted attention as a potential reservoir of biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases due to their ability to cross the BBB in both directions [32–34].”
Marei, H., & Cenciarelli, C. (2026) · Stem Cell Reviews and Reports · doi:10.1007/s12015-026-11129-1 · Cited by 5
“To improve treatment for neurodegeneration, brain damage, and CNS cancer, EV trafficking over the BBB needs to be described in biological terms [ 129].”
InfluentialMesenchymal stem cells and secretome as modulators of neuroinflammation in neurological disorders
Yao, D., Nie, L., Liu, X., Wu, X., Tang, Y., Pan, C., Chen, S., Chen, D., Wu, D., Nie, H., et al. (2026) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-026-08052-x · Cited by 6
“This small size enables their therapeutic payload to reach the CNS even with systemic administration, a major challenge for whole-cell therapies that struggle to cross the BBB [101].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Matsumoto, J., Stewart, T., Banks, W. A., & Zhang, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Jing
- Venue
- Current Pharmaceutical Design
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2018-02-15
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 40
- Pages
- 6206-6214
- ISSN
- 1381-6128 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2754129305
- Cited by
- 267
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 13
- FWCI
- 10.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Pharmaceutical Design (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U01NS082137, U01NS091272)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES019277, P30ES007033)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- extracellular vesicles, blood-brain barrier, exosomes, microvesicles, intercellular communication, neurodegenerative diseases, blood-brain barrier permeability, central nervous system
- MeSH terms
- Extracellular Vesicles, Animals, Biological Transport, Blood-Brain Barrier, Humans
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