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RNA binding protein/RNA element interactions and the control of translation

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Pichon, Xavier, A. Wilson, Lindsay, Stoneley, Mark, Bastide, Amandine, A King, Helen, Somers, Joanna, E Willis, Anne·2012·Current Protein & Peptide Science
DOI 10.2174/138920312801619475PMC PMC3431537
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Abstract

A growing body of work demonstrates the importance of post-transcriptional control, in particular translation initiation, in the overall regulation of gene expression. Here we focus on the contribution of regulatory elements within the 5' and 3' untranslated regions of mRNA to gene expression in eukaryotic cells including terminal oligopyrimidine tracts, internal ribosome entry segments, upstream open reading frames and cytoplasmic polyadenylation elements. These mRNA regulatory elements may adopt complex secondary structures and/or contain sequence motifs that allow their interaction with a variety of regulatory proteins, RNAs and RNA binding proteins, particularly hnRNPs. The resulting interactions are context-sensitive, and provide cells with a sensitive and fast response to cellular signals such as hormone exposure or cytotoxic stress. Importantly, an increasing number of diseases have been identified, particularly cancers and those associated with neurodegeneration, which originate either from mutation of these regulatory motifs, or from deregulation of their cognate binding partners.

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  • In the 5′UTR portions, among the specific sequences that affect translation efficiency, there are the TOP sequence, IRESs, CITEs, uORFs, and protein-binding motifs.

    “In the 5′UTR portions, among the specific sequences that affect translation efficiency, there are the terminal oligopyrimidine tract (TOP) sequence, consisting of 7–14 residues of cytosine and thymine forming a TCT motif; internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs); cap-independent translation enhancers (CITEs); upstream open reading frames (uORFs); and protein-binding motifs [2].”

    From Untranslated Region Sequences and the Efficacy of mRNA Vaccines against Tuberculosis (2024) · cites this paper as [2]

    The Introduction identifies TOP motifs, IRESs and uORFs in the 5′ UTR as elements that influence translation, and the TOP section describes a cytosine followed by a 7–14-residue oligopyrimidine tract. The paper also discusses proteins binding 5′-UTR elements, but the passages do not identify CITEs. The TOP section says a TCT motif is required for transcription of most of these mRNAs; it does not say the oligopyrimidine tract forms that motif. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Cap-independent translation plays a major role only during periods of cellular stress, apoptosis, and certain stages of the cell cycle.

    “cap-independent translation plays a major role only during periods of cellular stress, apoptosis, and certain stages of the cell cycle [2].”

    From Untranslated Region Sequences and the Efficacy of mRNA Vaccines against Tuberculosis (2024) · cites this paper as [2]

    The Internal Ribosome Entry Segments section says cap-dependent translation is inhibited during stress, apoptosis, and certain cell-cycle stages, and describes cap-independent translation under stress. It does not establish that cap-independent translation plays a major role only during those periods; the exclusivity and magnitude are unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • There are at least two pathways (cap-dependent and cap-independent) that trigger translation through these elements, and the efficiency of triggering translation via these mechanisms depends on the cellular state.

    “There are at least two pathways (cap-dependent and cap-independent) that trigger translation through these elements, and each pathway requires certain trans-acting proteins; the efficiency of the triggering of translation via these mechanisms depends on the cellular state [2].”

    From Untranslated Region Sequences and the Efficacy of mRNA Vaccines against Tuberculosis (2024) · cites this paper as [2]

  • mRNA therapeutics require optimization of mRNA sequences because their effectiveness primarily depends on the rate of degradation and the rate of translation initiation.

    “Nevertheless, mRNA therapeutics require the optimization of mRNA sequences because their effectiveness primarily depends on the rate of degradation (and the rate of translation initiation) of mRNA [1,2].”

    From Untranslated Region Sequences and the Efficacy of mRNA Vaccines against Tuberculosis (2024) · cites this paper as [2]

  • The contribution of cap-independent translation initiation to our results appears negligible because the theoretical amount of capped RNA was ~80% and cap-independent translation plays a major role only during periods of cellular stress, apoptosis, and certain stages of the cell cycle.

    “Nonetheless, the contribution of this alternative mechanism of translation initiation to our results appears to be negligible because the theoretical amount of capped RNA was ~80%, and cap-independent translation plays a major role only during periods of cellular stress, apoptosis, and certain stages of the cell cycle [2].”

    From Untranslated Region Sequences and the Efficacy of mRNA Vaccines against Tuberculosis (2024) · cites this paper as [2]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Pichon, X., A. Wilson, L., Stoneley, M., Bastide, A., A King, H., Somers, J., & E Willis, A.
Affiliations
Medical Research Council (GB)
ORCID
Venue
Current Protein & Peptide Science
Publisher
Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Published
2012-07-01
Volume
13
Issue
4
Pages
294-304
ISSN
1389-2037 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2174/138920312801619475
PMC
PMC3431537
OpenAlex
W2115496564
Cited by
144
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 12
FWCI
1.24
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Current Protein and Peptide Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Wellcome Trust
  • Cancer Research UK
  • Medical Research Council
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/F014279/2, BB/F018738/2, BB/F02326X/2, BB/F000065/1, BB/F000065/2, BB/H024980/1)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
Keywords
RNA-binding proteins, post-transcriptional regulation, translation initiation, 5' untranslated region, 3' untranslated region, internal ribosome entry site, upstream open reading frames, cytoplasmic polyadenylation, mRNA secondary structure, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins, hormone signaling, cancer, neurodegeneration
MeSH terms
Animals, Disease, Humans, Protein Binding, Ribosomes, Protein Biosynthesis, RNA-Binding Proteins, Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid

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