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Toll-Like Receptors: Sensor Molecules for Detecting Damage to the Nervous System
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I transmembrane signaling molecules that are expressed in cells of the innate immune system. In these cells, TLRs function as pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that recognize specific molecular patterns derived from microorganisms. Upon activation, TLRs trigger a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways in innate immune cells, leading to the induction of inflammatory and innate immune responses, which in turn regulate adaptive immune responses. In the nervous system, different members of the TLR family are expressed on glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells) and neurons. Recently, increasing evidence has supported the idea that TLRs also recognize endogenous molecules that are released from damaged tissue, thereby regulating inflammatory responses and subsequent tissue repair. These findings imply that TLRs on glial cells may also be involved in the inflammatory response to tissue damage in the nervous system. In this review, we discuss recent studies on TLR expression in the cells of the nervous system and their roles in acute neurological disorders involving tissue damage such as strokes, traumatic spinal cord and brain injuries, and peripheral nerve injuries.
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“TLR4 is up-regulated after TBI and recognizes LPSs and endogenous proteins, such as high-mobility group box 1 protein, heat shock proteins, and low-density lipoprotein (132).”
From The anatomy and immunology of vasculature in the central nervous system (2019) · cites this paper as [132]
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Wang, Q., Li, H.-Y., Ling, Z.-M., Chen, G., & Wei, Z.-Y. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21275736
Wang, Q., Li, H.-Y., Ling, Z.-M., Chen, G., & Wei, Z.-Y. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21275730
Wang, Q., Li, H.-Y., Ling, Z.-M., Chen, G., & Wei, Z.-Y. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21275748
Wang, Q., Li, H.-Y., Ling, Z.-M., Chen, G., & Wei, Z.-Y. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21275739
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Wang, Q., Li, H.-Y., Ling, Z.-M., Chen, G., & Wei, Z.-Y. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21275745
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Liu, Y., Han, X., Zhang, W., Pei, Q., Xu, S., & Wang, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1712759 · Cited by 2
Soualeh, N. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/035f2418z4137z4706zb59az81d97410d751
Krauklis, S. A., Keceli, S. K., Campbell, E. M., & Abbineni, P. S. (2026) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70532
“…UcPS (Peng et al. 2020; Figure 1A). α-synuclein, an intrinsically disordered membrane-binding protein enriched at presynaptic terminals, is released from neurons in both soluble and aggregated forms (Lee et al. 2005; Fussi et al. 2018; Jang et al. 2010; Lee, Cho, et al. 2013; Tyson et al. 2016).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, H., Lee, S., Cho, I.-H., & Joong Lee, S.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Venue
- Current Protein & Peptide Science
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2013-03-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-42
- ISSN
- 1389-2037 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2024660851
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 6.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Protein and Peptide Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Keywords
- Toll-like receptors, pattern recognition receptors, innate immunity, nervous system damage, glial cells, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, neuroinflammation, tissue repair, stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, peripheral nerve injury
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Injuries, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Ligands, Neuralgia, Neurons, Spinal Cord Injuries, Signal Transduction, Inflammation Mediators, Stroke, Toll-Like Receptors, Peripheral Nerve Injuries
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