Functions of microglia in the central nervous system—beyond the immune response

Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy

Denk, W., Strickler, J. H., & Webb, W. W. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2321027 · Cited by 9,488 · see citing works

Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo

Nimmerjahn, A., Kirchhoff, F., & Helmchen, F. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110647 · Cited by 5,827 · see citing works

Synaptic Pruning by Microglia Is Necessary for Normal Brain Development

Paolicelli, R. C., Bolasco, G., Pagani, F., Maggi, L., Scianni, M., Panzanelli, P., Giustetto, M., Ferreira, T. A., Guiducci, E., Dumas, L., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1202529 · Cited by 4,244 · see citing works

ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo

Davalos, D., Grutzendler, J., Yang, G., Kim, J. V., Zuo, Y., Jung, S., Littman, D. R., Dustin, M. L., & Gan, W.-B. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1472 · Cited by 3,913 · see citing works

The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates CNS Synapse Elimination

Stevens, B., Allen, N. J., Vazquez, L. E., Howell, G. R., Christopherson, K. S., Nouri, N., Micheva, K. D., Mehalow, A. K., Huberman, A. D., Stafford, B., et al. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.036 · Cited by 3,313 · see citing works

BDNF from microglia causes the shift in neuronal anion gradient underlying neuropathic pain

Coull, J. A. M., Beggs, S., Boudreau, D., Boivin, D., Tsuda, M., Inoue, K., Gravel, C., Salter, M. W., & De Koninck, Y. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04223 · Cited by 1,965 · see citing works

Microglial physiology: unique stimuli, specialized responses

Ransohoff, R. M., & Perry, V. H. (2009) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132528 · Cited by 1,858 · see citing works

Microglia Shape Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis through Apoptosis-Coupled Phagocytosis

Sierra, A., Encinas, J. M., Deudero, J. J. P., Chancey, J. H., Enikolopov, G., Overstreet-Wadiche, L. S., Tsirka, S. E., & Maletic-Savatic, M. (2010) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2010.08.014 · Cited by 1,622 · see citing works

Resting Microglia Directly Monitor the Functional State of Synapses <i>In Vivo</i> and Determine the Fate of Ischemic Terminals

Wake, H., Moorhouse, A. J., Jinno, S., Kohsaka, S., & Nabekura, J. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4363-08.2009 · Cited by 1,619 · see citing works

P2X4 receptors induced in spinal microglia gate tactile allodynia after nerve injury

Tsuda, M., Shigemoto‐Mogami, Y., Koizumi, S., Mizokoshi, A., Kohsaka, S., Salter, M. W., & Inoue, K. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01786 · Cited by 1,567 · see citing works

Microglial interactions with synapses are modulated by visual experience

Tremblay, M.-È., Lowery, R. L., & Majewska, A. K. (2010) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000527 · Cited by 1,542 · see citing works

Immune cells contribute to the maintenance of neurogenesis and spatial learning abilities in adulthood

Ziv, Y., Ron, N., Butovsky, O., Landa, G., Sudai, E., Greenberg, N., Cohen, H., Kipnis, J., & Schwartz, M. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1629 · Cited by 1,209 · see citing works

Neurogenesis in dentate subgranular zone and rostral subventricular zone after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat

Jin, K., Minami, M., Lan, J., Mao, X., Batteur, S., Simon, R., & Greenberg, D. A. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.081011098 · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works

Displacement of synaptic terminals from regenerating motoneurons by microglial cells

Blinzinger, K., & Kreutzberg, G. W. (1968) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00325030 · Cited by 855 · see citing works

UDP acting at P2Y6 receptors is a mediator of microglial phagocytosis

Koizumi, S., Shigemoto-Mogami, Y., Nasu-Tada, K., Shinozaki, Y., Ohsawa, K., Tsuda, M., Joshi, B. V., Jacobson, K. A., Kohsaka, S., & Inoue, K. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05704 · Cited by 802 · see citing works

Neuronal ‘On’ and ‘Off’ signals control microglia

Biber, K., Neumann, H., Inoue, K., & Boddeke, H. W. G. M. (2007) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2007.08.007 · Cited by 787 · see citing works

Microglia Promote the Death of Developing Purkinje Cells

Marı́n-Teva, J. L., Dusart, I., Colin, C., Gervais, A., van Rooijen, N., & Mallat, M. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00069-8 · Cited by 757 · see citing works

Microglia activation triggers astrocyte-mediated modulation of excitatory neurotransmission

Pascual, O., Ben Achour, S., Rostaing, P., Triller, A., & Bessis, A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1111098109 · Cited by 693 · see citing works

Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by microglia and astrocytes in culture

Sawada, M., Kondo, N., Suzumura, A., & Marunouchi, T. (1989) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)90078-4 · Cited by 631 · see citing works

CX3CR1 deficiency leads to impairment of hippocampal cognitive function and synaptic plasticity

Rogers, J. T., Morganti, J. M., Bachstetter, A. D., Hudson, C. E., Peters, M. M., Grimmig, B. A., Weeber, E. J., Bickford, P. C., & Gemma, C. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3667-11.2011 · Cited by 624 · see citing works

Microglial Cx3cr1 knockout prevents neuron loss in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Fuhrmann, M., Bittner, T., Jung, C. K. E., Burgold, S., Page, R. M., Mitteregger, G., Haass, C., LaFerla, F. M., Kretzschmar, H., & Herms, J. (2010) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2511 · Cited by 562 · see citing works

Microglial control of neuronal death and synaptic properties

Bessis, A., Béchade, C., Bernard, D., & Roumier, A. (2006) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20459 · Cited by 454 · see citing works

The origin and cell lineage of microglia: new concepts

Chan, W. Y., Kohsaka, S., & Rezaie, P. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.11.002 · Cited by 400 · see citing works

Microglia Protect Neurons against Ischemia by Synthesis of Tumor Necrosis Factor

Lambertsen, K. L., Clausen, B. H., Babcock, A. A., Gregersen, R., Fenger, C., Nielsen, H. H., Haugaard, L. S., Wirenfeldt, M., Nielsen, M., Dagnæs‐Hansen, F., et al. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5505-08.2009 · Cited by 364 · see citing works

Enhanced synaptic connectivity and epilepsy in C1q knockout mice

Chu, Y., Jin, X., Parada, I., Pesic, A., Stevens, B., Barres, B., & Prince, D. A. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0913449107 · Cited by 364 · see citing works

Developmental Neuronal Death in Hippocampus Requires the Microglial CD11b Integrin and DAP12 Immunoreceptor

Wakselman, S., Béchade, C., Roumier, A., Bernard, D., Triller, A., & Bessis, A. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1006-08.2008 · Cited by 351 · see citing works

Rett Syndrome Microglia Damage Dendrites and Synapses by the Elevated Release of Glutamate

Maezawa, I., & Jin, L. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5966-09.2010 · Cited by 348 · see citing works

Evidence for synaptic stripping by cortical microglia

Trapp, B. D., Wujek, J. R., Criste, G. A., Jalabi, W., Yin, X., Kidd, G. J., Stohlman, S. A., & Ransohoff, R. M. (2006) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20462 · Cited by 318 · see citing works

Prolonged Seizures Increase Proliferating Neuroblasts in the Adult Rat Subventricular Zone–Olfactory Bulb Pathway

Parent, J. M., Valentin, V. V., & Lowenstein, D. H. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-08-03174.2002 · Cited by 318 · see citing works

Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Interleukin 1 and Related Cytokines in Brain Development: Normal and Pathological

Merrill, J. E. (1992) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000111642 · Cited by 317 · see citing works

AMPA–Kainate Subtypes of Glutamate Receptor in Rat Cerebral Microglia

Noda, M., Nakanishi, H., Nabekura, J., & Akaike, N. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-01-00251.2000 · Cited by 317 · see citing works

The origin and differentiation of microglial cells during development

Cuadros, M. Á. (1998) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00035-5 · Cited by 305 · see citing works

CX3CR1 in Microglia Regulates Brain Amyloid Deposition through Selective Protofibrillar Amyloid-β Phagocytosis

Liu, Z., Condello, C., Schain, A., Harb, R., & Grutzendler, J. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4403-10.2010 · Cited by 276 · see citing works

Systemic inflammatory cells fight off neurodegenerative disease

Schwartz, M., & Shechter, R. (2010) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.71 · Cited by 240 · see citing works

Microglia and cell death in the developing mouse cerebellum

Ashwell, K. W. S. (1990) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(90)90203-b · Cited by 219 · see citing works

Neuronal Death Induced by Nanomolar Amyloid β Is Mediated by Primary Phagocytosis of Neurons by Microglia

Neniškytė, U., Neher, J. J., & Brown, G. C. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.267583 · Cited by 208 · see citing works

Localization of basic fibroblast growth factor and its mRNA after CNS injury

Frautschy, S. A., Walicke, P. A., & Baird, A. (1991) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)90837-l · Cited by 208 · see citing works

Programmed cell death in the developing human telencephalon

Rakić, S., & Zečević, N. (2000) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00153.x · Cited by 202 · see citing works

Non-Cell-Autonomous Effects of Presenilin 1 Variants on Enrichment-Mediated Hippocampal Progenitor Cell Proliferation and Differentiation

Choi, S. H., Veeraraghavalu, K., Lazarov, O., Marler, S., Ransohoff, R. M., Ramirez, J., & Sisodia, S. S. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.07.033 · Cited by 171 · see citing works

The effect of neurodegenerative diseases on the subventricular zone

Curtis, M. A., Faull, R. L. M., & Eriksson, P. S. (2007) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2216 · Cited by 162 · see citing works

Current and potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of ataxia-telangiectasia

Lavin, M. F., Gueven, N., Bottle, S. E., & Gatti, R. A. (2007) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldm012 · Cited by 159 · see citing works

Microglial MHC antigen expression after ischemic and kainic acid lesions of the adult rat hippocampus

Finsen, B. R., Jørgensen, M. B., Diemer, N. H., & Zimmer, J. (1993) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.440070109 · Cited by 151 · see citing works

The microglial networks of the brain and their role in neuronal network plasticity after lesion

Cullheim, S., & Thams, S. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.012 · Cited by 145 · see citing works

The role of seizure-induced neurogenesis in epileptogenesis and brain repair

Parent, J. M. (2002) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-1211(02)00078-5 · Cited by 143 · see citing works

Hippocampal neurogenesis and neural stem cells in temporal lobe epilepsy

Kuruba, R., Hattiangady, B., & Shetty, A. K. (2008) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.08.020 · Cited by 143 · see citing works

Microglia and the early phase of immune surveillance in the axotomized facial motor nucleus: impaired microglial activation and lymphocyte recruitment but no effect on neuronal survival or axonal regeneration in macrophage-colony stimulating factor-deficient mice.

Kalla, R., Liu, Z., Xu, S., Koppius, A., Imai, Y., Kloss, C., Kohsaka, S., Gschwendtner, A., Möller, J. C., Werner, A., et al. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 116 · see citing works

Microglia and the early phase of immune surveillance in the axotomized facial motor nucleus: Impaired microglial activation and lymphocyte recruitment but no effect on neuronal survival or axonal regeneration in macrophage‐colony stimulating factor‐deficient mice

Kalla, R., Liu, Z., Xu, S., Koppius, A., Imai, Y., Kloss, C. U. A., Kohsaka, S., Gschwendtner, A., Möller, J. C., Werner, A., et al. (2001) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.1060 · Cited by 106 · see citing works

Impaired cell proliferation in the subventricular zone in an Alzheimer's disease model

Rodriguez, J. J., Jones, V. C., & Verkhratsky, A. (2009) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e32832be77d · Cited by 99 · see citing works

Resting Microglial Motility Is Independent of Synaptic Plasticity in Mammalian Brain

Wu, L., & Zhuo, M. (2008) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01210.2007 · Cited by 81 · see citing works

Increased number of new neurons in the olfactory bulb and hippocampus of adult non-human primates after focal ischemia

Koketsu, D., Furuichi, Y., Maeda, M., Matsuoka, N., Miyamoto, Y., & Hisatsune, T. (2006) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.03.012 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

TNF-α Preconditioning Protects Neurons via Neuron-Specific Up-Regulation of CREB-Binding Protein

Saha, R. N., Ghosh, A., Palencia, C. A., Fung, Y. K., Dudek, S. M., & Pahan, K. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0801892 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Waste Management and Adult Neurogenesis

Mattocks, M., & Tropepe, V. (2010) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2010.09.008 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Broca's region revisited: Cytoarchitecture and intersubject variability

Amunts, K., Schleicher, A., B�rgel, U., Mohlberg, H., Uylings, H. B. M., & Zilles, K. (1999) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990920)412:2

Immune attack: the role of inflammation in Alzheimer disease

Heppner, F. L., Ransohoff, R. M., & Becher, B. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3880 · Cited by 2,134 · see citing works

Exercise-enhanced neuroplasticity targeting motor and cognitive circuitry in Parkinson's disease

Petzinger, G. M., Fisher, B. E., McEwen, S., Beeler, J. A., Walsh, J. P., & Jakowec, M. W. (2013) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70123-6 · Cited by 798 · see citing works

Whole-transcriptome brain expression and exon-usage profiling in major depression and suicide: evidence for altered glial, endothelial and ATPase activity

Pantazatos, S. P., Huang, Y.-Y., Rosoklija, G. B., Dwork, A. J., Arango, V, & Mann, J. J. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.130 · Cited by 229 · see citing works

Decreased glial reactivity could be involved in the antipsychotic-like effect of cannabidiol

Gomes, F. V., Llorente, R., Del Bel, E. A., Viveros, M.-P., López-Gallardo, M., & Guimarães, F. S. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.015 · Cited by 147 · see citing works

Pharmacological inhibition of CSF1R by GW2580 reduces microglial proliferation and is protective against neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration

Neal, M. L., Fleming, S. M., Budge, K. M., Boyle, A. M., Kim, C., Alam, G., Beier, E. E., Wu, L., & Richardson, J. R. (2020) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201900567rr · Cited by 123 · see citing works

An Update of Palmitoylethanolamide and Luteolin Effects in Preclinical and Clinical Studies of Neuroinflammatory Events

Cordaro, M., Cuzzocrea, S., & Crupi, R. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9030216 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

What happens to microglial TREM2 in Alzheimer’s disease: Immunoregulatory turned into immunopathogenic?

Lue, L.-F., Schmitz, C., & Walker, D. G. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.050 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Phosphoinositides: Roles in the Development of Microglial-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration

Ernest James Phillips, T., & Maguire, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.652593 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

YOD1 regulates microglial homeostasis by deubiquitinating MYH9 to promote the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease

Sun, J., Chen, F., She, L., Zeng, Y., Tang, H., Ye, B., Zheng, W., Xiong, L., Li, L., Li, L., et al. (2025) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2024.11.020 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

[The function of fatty acid signals in neurogenesis].

Sakayori, N., & Osumi, N. (2011) · PubMed

Factors influencing adult neurogenesis

Liu, Y. M., Li, Y., & Li, J. (2006) · Junshi Yixue Kexueyuan yuankan

Adult neurogenesis research in China

Luo, X., Xu, M., & Guo, W. (2023) · Development Growth & Differentiation · doi:10.1111/dgd.12900 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Genetic influences on exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis across 12 divergent mouse strains

Clark, P., Kohman, R. A., Miller, D. S., Bhattacharya, T. K., Brzezinska, W. J., & Rhodes, J. S. (2011) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00674.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works

Alzheimer’s Disease Research Using Human Microglia

Lue, L., Beach, T. G., & Walker, D. G. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8080838 · Cited by 26 · see citing works