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The Role of Microbiota and Probiotics in Stress-Induced Gastrointestinal Damage
Abstract
Stress has a major impact on gut physiology and may affect the clinical course of gastro-intestinal diseases. In this review, we focus on the interaction between commensal gut microbiota and intestinal mucosa during stress and discuss the possibilities to counteract the deleterious effects of stress with probiotics. Normally, commensal microbes and their hosts benefit from a symbiotic relationship. Stress does, however, reduce the number of Lactobacilli, while on the contrary, an increased growth, epithelial adherence and mucosal uptake of gram-negative pathogens, e.g. E. coli and Pseudomonas, are seen. Moreover, intestinal bacteria have the ability to sense a stressed host and up-regulate their virulence factors when opportunity knocks. Probiotics are "live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host", and mainly represented by Lactic Acid Bacteria. Probiotics can counteract stress-induced changes in intestinal barrier function, visceral sensitivity and gut motility. These effects are strain specific and mediated by direct bacterial-host cell interaction and/or via soluble factors. Mechanisms of action include competition with pathogens for essential nutrients, induction of epithelial heat-shock proteins, restoring of tight junction protein structure, up-regulation of mucin genes, secretion of defensins, and regulation of the NFkappaB signalling pathway. In addition, the reduction of intestinal pain perception was shown to be mediated via cannabinoid receptors. Based on the studies reviewed here there is clearly a rationale for probiotic treatment in patients with stress-related intestinal disorders. We are however far from being able to choose the precise combination of strains or bacterial components for each clinical setting.
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“Animal models of chronic stress demonstrate altered intestinal physiology and GM composition, with an increased secretory state and permeability (352–355).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [355]
In the citing paper
“Recent studies have suggested that GC signaling derives a portion of its effects through gut microbes.21,22”
From Using Corticosteroids to Reshape the Gut Microbiome: Implications for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [21]
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Gut microbiota in health and disease
Sekirov, I., Russell, S. L., Antunes, L. C. M., & Finlay, B. B. (2010) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00045.2009 · Cited by 4,182
“Postinfectious IBS in animal models can be ameliorated with the administration of probiotic bacteria, which normalize muscle hypercontractility (176), offering further evidence that postinfection microbiota disturbance contributes to IBS pathophysiology.”
BackgroundThe gut microbiota--masters of host development and physiology
Sommer, F., & Bäckhed, F. (2013) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2974 · Cited by 3,681
Role of the normal gut microbiota
Jandhyala, S. M. (2015) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8787 · Cited by 3,001
Zelante, T., Iannitti, R. G., Cunha, C., De Luca, A., Giovannini, G., Pieraccini, G., Zecchi, R., D’Angelo, C., Massi-Benedetti, C., Fallarino, F., et al. (2013) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.003 · Cited by 2,614
“Because lactobacilli are greatly reduced in the neonatal period (Sjögren et al., 2009) and by stress (Lutgendorff et al., 2008; Tannock and Savage, 1974), our data are consistent with the occurrence of neonatal and vaginal candidiasis, clinical conditions under which the empirical use of…”
The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health
Conlon, M., & Bird, A. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7010017 · Cited by 1,567
“Short-chain nondigestible carbohydrates (inulin-type fructans, fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS)) are the quintessential prebiotics and the target bacterial groups are typically Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus.”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Lutgendorff, F., Akkermans, L., & Soderholm, J.
- Affiliations
- Linköping University (SE)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Venue
- Current Molecular Medicine
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2008-06-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 282-298
- ISSN
- 1566-5240 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2099916508
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 19.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Molecular Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, probiotics, stress, gastrointestinal injury, intestinal barrier function, lactobacilli, Gram-negative pathogens, pathogen virulence factors, lactic acid bacteria, tight junctions, mucin genes, defensins, NF-κB signaling, cannabinoid receptors
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Enteritis, Humans, Immunologic Factors, Intestinal Mucosa, Intestines, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Critical Illness, Probiotics
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