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The Role of Microbiota and Probiotics in Stress-Induced Gastrointestinal Damage
Abstract
Stress has a major impact on gut physiology and may affect the clinical course of gastro-intestinal diseases. In this review, we focus on the interaction between commensal gut microbiota and intestinal mucosa during stress and discuss the possibilities to counteract the deleterious effects of stress with probiotics. Normally, commensal microbes and their hosts benefit from a symbiotic relationship. Stress does, however, reduce the number of Lactobacilli, while on the contrary, an increased growth, epithelial adherence and mucosal uptake of gram-negative pathogens, e.g. E. coli and Pseudomonas, are seen. Moreover, intestinal bacteria have the ability to sense a stressed host and up-regulate their virulence factors when opportunity knocks. Probiotics are "live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host", and mainly represented by Lactic Acid Bacteria. Probiotics can counteract stress-induced changes in intestinal barrier function, visceral sensitivity and gut motility. These effects are strain specific and mediated by direct bacterial-host cell interaction and/or via soluble factors. Mechanisms of action include competition with pathogens for essential nutrients, induction of epithelial heat-shock proteins, restoring of tight junction protein structure, up-regulation of mucin genes, secretion of defensins, and regulation of the NFkappaB signalling pathway. In addition, the reduction of intestinal pain perception was shown to be mediated via cannabinoid receptors. Based on the studies reviewed here there is clearly a rationale for probiotic treatment in patients with stress-related intestinal disorders. We are however far from being able to choose the precise combination of strains or bacterial components for each clinical setting.
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“Animal models of chronic stress demonstrate altered intestinal physiology and GM composition, with an increased secretory state and permeability (352–355).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [355]
In the citing paper
“Recent studies have suggested that GC signaling derives a portion of its effects through gut microbes.21,22”
From Using Corticosteroids to Reshape the Gut Microbiome: Implications for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [21]
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“In maintaining gut barrier integrity and gastro-intestinal structure, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron induces the expression of small proline-rich protein 2 A (SPRR2A), essential for maintaining epithelial villous desmosomes [94].”
Past, Present, and Future of Gastrointestinal Microbiota Research in Cats
Lyu, Y., Su, C., Verbrugghe, A., de Wiele, T. V., Martinez-Caja, A. M., & Hesta, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01661 · Cited by 55
“Comparative studies between germ-free and specific-pathogenfree animals indicated the essential role of intestinal microbiota on the development of the GI structure and function (Cario et al., 2007; Lutgendorff et al., 2008; Al-Asmakh and Zadjali, 2015).”
BackgroundThe cross-talk between opportunistic fungi and the mammalian host via microbiota’s metabolism
Romani, L., Zelante, T., Palmieri, M., Napolioni, V., Picciolini, M., Velardi, A., Aversa, F., & Puccetti, P. (2015) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-014-0464-2 · Cited by 47
A systematic review of gut‐immune‐brain mechanisms in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Azhari, A., Azizan, F., & Esposito, G. (2018) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21803 · Cited by 52
The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Health, Diet, and Disease with a Focus on Obesity
Feei, Z., & Lee, Y. Y. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14030492 · Cited by 57
“The expression of the small proline-rich protein 2A induced by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is needed for maintaining desmosomes at the epithelial villi [38].”
Sung, V., Hiscock, H., Tang, M. L. K., Mensah, F. K., Heine, R. G., Stock, A., York, E., Barr, R. G., & Wake, M. A. (2012) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-12-135 · Cited by 43
“Animal studies have shown probiotics to change pain perception mediated by the gut and inhibit gut contractile activity in rats [53-59].”
BackgroundMardanov, A. V., Babykin, M. M., Beletsky, A. V., Grigoriev, A. I., Zinchenko, V. V., Kadnikov, V. V., Kirpichnikov, M. P., Mazur, A. M., Nedoluzhko, A., Novikova, N. D., et al. (2013) · Acta Naturae · doi:10.32607/20758251-2013-5-3-116-125 · Cited by 40
Raval, U., Harary, J. M., Zeng, E., & Pasinetti, G. M. (2020) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1775585 · Cited by 45
“Stress is also correlated with functional bowel disorders [129,130].”
BackgroundNUTRITION, LONGEVITY AND BEHAVIOR
CANNELLA, C., Savina, C., & Donini, L. M. (2009) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2009.09.008 · Cited by 40
Contribution of microbiota to the intestinal physicochemical barrier
Malago, J. J. (2014) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2014.0041 · Cited by 40
Microbiotal-Host Interactions and Hypertension
Galla, S., Chakraborty, S., Mell, B., Vijay–Kumar, M., & Joe, B. (2017) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00003.2017 · Cited by 41
Basson, A. R., Lam, M. C., & Cominelli, F. (2017) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2017.08.002 · Cited by 38
Liu, L., Wu, P., Guo, A., Yang, Y., Chen, F., & Zhang, Q. (2023) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1206346 · Cited by 42
“Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron can not only promote the expression of fucose on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells (59), which facilitates the repair of damaged epithelial cells, but also induce the expression of small proline-rich protein 2A (SPRR2A), rich in proline, in intestinal epithelial cells to maintain…”
BackgroundImpacts of gut microbiota alteration on age-related chronic liver diseases
Adhikary, S., Esmeeta, A., Dey, A., Banerjee, A., Saha, B., Gopan, P., Duttaroy, A. K., & Pathak, S. (2023) · Digestive and Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.dld.2023.06.017 · Cited by 36
Marć, M. A., Jastrząb, R., & Mytych, J. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14193967 · Cited by 33
Ren, X., Zhu, Y., Gamallat, Y., Ma, S., Chiwala, G., Meyiah, A., & Xin, Y. (2017) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.123 · Cited by 31
Effect of ICU interventions on gastrointestinal motility
Fruhwald, S. M., & Kainz, J. (2010) · Current Opinion in Critical Care · doi:10.1097/mcc.0b013e3283356679 · Cited by 32
Ring�, E., Zhigang, Z., He, S., & Olsen, R. E. (2014) · African Journal of Microbiology Research · doi:10.5897/ajmr2013.6395 · Cited by 29
Probiotic Bacteria and Enteric Infections
Paton, A., Morona, R., & Paton, J. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0386-5 · Cited by 30
Cojocariu, R. O., Ciobica, A. S., Balmuș, I.-M., Guenné, S., Trifan, A. V., Stanciu, C., Hrițcu, L. D., & Lefter, R. M. (2019) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2019/3492767 · Cited by 28
“reduction and gramnegative pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas overgrowth, epithelial adherence, and mucosal uptake were well documented [15, 16].”
BackgroundBahrudin, M. F., Rani, R. A., Tamil, A. M., Mokhtar, N. M., & Ali, R. A. R. (2019) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-019-05695-3 · Cited by 28
Wang, W., Geng, M., Zhu, C., Huang, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, T., Zhao, C., Zhang, T., Du, X., & Wang, N. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14183827 · Cited by 27
Clinical Management of the Microbiome in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Andrews, C. N., Sidani, S., & Marshall, J. K. (2019) · Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1093/jcag/gwz037 · Cited by 25
Lunedo, R., Furlan, L. R., Alarcon, M. F. F., Squassoni, G. H., Campos, D. M. B., Perondi, D., & Macari, M. (2019) · Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1111/jpn.13093 · Cited by 23
Reconciling Hygiene and Cleanliness: A New Perspective from Human Microbiome
Gupta, V., Kumar, R., Sood, U., & Singhvi, N. (2019) · Indian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s12088-019-00839-5 · Cited by 23
Gut Microbiota in Heart Failure—The Role of Inflammation
Fountoulakis, P. N., Theofilis, P., Vlachakis, P. K., Karakasis, P., Pamporis, K., Sagris, Μ., Dimitroglou, Y., Tsioufis, P., Oikonomou, E. K., Tsioufis, K. P., et al. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13040911 · Cited by 26
“Firstly, the Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron bacterium triggers the expression of a 2A protein, which is useful for the protection of desmosomes on the intestinal villi [55].”
The Gut Microbiota and the Emergence of Autoimmunity: Relevance to Major Psychiatric Disorders
Severance, E. G., Tveiten, D., Lindström, L., Yolken, R. H., & Reichelt, K. L. (2016) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612822666160914183804 · Cited by 21
Nutrition and Diarrheal Disease and Enteric Pathogens
Siddiqui, F. J., Belayneh, G., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-56913-6_8 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Lutgendorff, F., Akkermans, L., & Soderholm, J.
- Affiliations
- Linköping University (SE)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Venue
- Current Molecular Medicine
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2008-06-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 282-298
- ISSN
- 1566-5240 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2099916508
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 19.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Molecular Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, probiotics, stress, gastrointestinal injury, intestinal barrier function, lactobacilli, Gram-negative pathogens, pathogen virulence factors, lactic acid bacteria, tight junctions, mucin genes, defensins, NF-κB signaling, cannabinoid receptors
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Enteritis, Humans, Immunologic Factors, Intestinal Mucosa, Intestines, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Critical Illness, Probiotics
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