The DOI matches its Crossref record; 122 of the 122 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa Constituent
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a major nonpsychotropic constituent of Cannabis, has multiple pharmacological actions, including anxiolytic, antipsychotic, antiemetic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, little is known about its safety and side effect profile in animals and humans. This review describes in vivo and in vitro reports of CBD administration across a wide range of concentrations, based on reports retrieved from Web of Science, Scielo and Medline. The keywords searched were "cannabinoids", "cannabidiol" and "side effects". Several studies suggest that CBD is non-toxic in non-transformed cells and does not induce changes on food intake, does not induce catalepsy, does not affect physiological parameters (heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature), does not affect gastrointestinal transit and does not alter psychomotor or psychological functions. Also, chronic use and high doses up to 1,500 mg/day of CBD are reportedly well tolerated in humans. Conversely, some studies reported that this cannabinoid can induce some side effects, including inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism, alterations of in vitro cell viability, decreased fertilization capacity, and decreased activities of p-glycoprotein and other drug transporters. Based on recent advances in cannabinoid administration in humans, controlled CBD may be safe in humans and animals. However, further studies are needed to clarify these reported in vitro and in vivo side effects.
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In the citing paper
“Unlike THC, CBD does not produce psychotropic effects and this is probably because of its low affinity for CB1 receptors 55– 57.”
From Psychosocial and pharmacological interventions for the treatment of cannabis use disorder (2018) · cites this paper as [57]
In the citing paper
“According to comprehensive reviews, acute and chronic administration of CBD by various routes (oral, inhaled, intravenous) to healthy volunteers and patients with different clinical conditions did not induce significant adverse effects (50, 51), especially because a conversion of oral cannabidiol to THC seems not to occur in humans (52).”
From Translational investigation of the therapeutic potential of Cannabidiol (CBD): Toward a new age (2018) · cites this paper as [50]
Citations
Cites
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Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb
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Agonistic properties of cannabidiol at 5-HT1a receptors
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“(2011) [65] human oral 600mg no significant effects on heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductance, bodily symptoms and psychological measurements”
BackgroundNeopterin as a Marker for Immune System Activation
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Cited by
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Devinsky, O., Cilio, M. R., Cross, H., Fernandez‐Ruiz, J., French, J., Hill, C., Katz, R., Di Marzo, V., Jutras‐Aswad, D., Notcutt, W. G., et al. (2014) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.12631 · Cited by 1,000
“) in both acute and chronic administration.(50) Limited safety data exist for long-term use in humans, although there have been many patient-years of exposure to nabiximols following approval in many European countries and Canada.”
BackgroundCannabidiol as a Potential Treatment for Anxiety Disorders
Blessing, E., Steenkamp, M. M., Manzanares, J., & Marmar, C. R. (2015) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0387-1 · Cited by 752
“A review of potential side effects in humans found that CBD was well tolerated across a wide dose range, up to 1500 mg/day (orally), with no reported psychomotor slowing, negative mood effects, or vital sign abnormalities noted [20].”
BackgroundIffland, K., & Grotenhermen, F. (2017) · Cannabis & Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2016.0034 · Cited by 645
“One can often argue that what the studies call ‘‘chronic’’ CBD administration only differs to acute treatment, because of repeated administration of CBD. Nonetheless, we also included these studies with repeated CBD treatment, because we think that compared to a one-time dose of CBD, repeated CBD regimens add value an…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialA Systematic Review on the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Humans
Millar, S., Stone, N. L., Yates, A. S., & O’Sullivan, S. E. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.01365 · Cited by 604
“CBD has attracted significant interest due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-necrotic protective effects, as well as displaying a favorable safety and tolerability profile in humans (Bergamaschi et al., 2011), making it a promising candidate in many therapeutic avenues including epilepsy, Alzheimer’s d…”
BackgroundLabeling Accuracy of Cannabidiol Extracts Sold Online
Bonn‐Miller, M. O., Loflin, M., Thomas, B. F., Marcu, J. P., Hyke, T., & Vandrey, R. G. (2017) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.11909 · Cited by 532
Metadata
- Authors
- Machado Bergamaschi, M., Helena Costa Queiroz, R., Waldo Zuardi, A., & Alexandre S. Crippa, J.
- Venue
- Current Drug Safety
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2011-09-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 237-249
- ISSN
- 1574-8863 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2128076336
- Cited by
- 558
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 7.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Drug Safety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry Medicinal Plant Applications
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Keywords
- cannabidiol, Cannabis sativa, drug safety, adverse effects, toxicity, hepatotoxicity, drug metabolism inhibition, P-glycoprotein, fertility, cell viability, tolerability
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antiemetics, Cannabidiol, Cannabis, Cell Survival, Eating, Humans, Antipsychotic Agents, Anti-Anxiety Agents
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