The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 37 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Determinants of Cutaneous Injection-Related Infections Among Injection Drug Users at an Emergency Department
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: Cutaneous injection-related infections (CIRI) are a primary reason injection drug users (IDU) access the emergency department (ED). Methodology: Using Cox proportional hazard regression, we examined predictors of ED use for CIRI, stratified by sex, among 1083 supervised injection facility (SIF) users. Results: Over a four-year period, 289 (27%) visited the ED for CIRI, yielding an incidence density for females of 23.8 (95% confidence interval (CI): 19.3 – 29.0) and males of 19.2 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 16.7 – 22.1). Factors associated with ED use for CIRI among females included residing in the Downtown Eastside (DTES) (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 2.06 [1.13 – 3.78]) and being referred to hospital by SIF nurses (AHR = 4.48 [2.76 – 7.30]). Among males, requiring assistance with injection (AHR = 1.38 [1.01 – 1.90]), being HIV-positive (AHR = 1.85 [1.34 – 2.55]), and being referred to hospital by SIF nurses (AHR = 2.97 [1.93 – 4.57]) were associated with an increased likelihood of an ED visit for CIRI. Conclusion: These results suggest SIF nurses have facilitated referral of hospital treatment for CIRI, highlighting the need for continued development of efficient and collaborative efforts to reduce the burden of CIRI.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 37 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Among males, requiring assistance with injection was associated with an increased risk of emergency department use for cutaneous injection-related infection (adjusted hazard ratio 1.38, 95% CI 1.01-1.90).
“The factors associated with an increased risk of ED use for a CIRI among males were requiring assistance with injection (AHR = 1.38 [95% CI: 1.01 – 1.90])”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“requiring assistance with injection (AHR = 1.38 [1.01 – 1.90])”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
Individuals with an emergency department visit who were referred by a nurse were more likely to be hospitalized within three days (p=0.011).
“Individuals with an ED visit who were referred by a nurse were more likely to be hospitalized within three days (p = 0.011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The strongest predictor of emergency department use for cutaneous injection-related infection in both sexes, and in the combined Cox model, was referral to hospital by a supervised injection facility nurse.
“The most significant predictor of ED use for a CIRI for both females and males, and in the combined Cox proportional hazard model, was being referred to hospital by a nurse from the SIF.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Among males, being referred to hospital by a nurse at the supervised injection facility was associated with an increased risk of emergency department use for cutaneous injection-related infection (adjusted hazard ratio 2.97, 95% CI 1.93-4.57).
“and being referred by a nurse at the SIF to hospital (AHR = 2.97 [95% CI: 1.93 – 4.57]).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“being referred to hospital by SIF nurses (AHR = 2.97 [1.93 – 4.57])”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
Among males, being HIV-positive was associated with an increased risk of emergency department use for cutaneous injection-related infection (adjusted hazard ratio 1.85, 95% CI 1.34-2.55).
“being HIV-positive (AHR = 1.85 [95% CI: 1.34 – 2.55])”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“being HIV-positive (AHR = 1.85 [1.34 – 2.55])”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
Among females, residing in the Downtown Eastside was independently and positively associated with emergency department use for cutaneous injection-related infection (adjusted hazard ratio 2.06, 95% CI 1.13-3.78).
“residing in the DTES (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 2.06 [95% CI: 1.13 – 3.78])”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“residing in the Downtown Eastside (DTES) (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 2.06 [1.13 – 3.78])”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
During the study period, 289 of 1083 SEOSI participants (27%) used the emergency department for a cutaneous injection-related infection.
“During the study period, 289 (27%) participants used the ED for a CIRI.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Over a four-year period, 289 (27%) visited the ED for CIRI”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
Other determinants of emergency department use for cutaneous injection-related infection differed between female and male injection drug users.
“Other determinants of ED use for a CIRI differed between female and male IDU.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The incidence density of a first emergency department visit for cutaneous injection-related infection among males was 19.2 per 100 person-years (95% CI 16.7-22.1).
“and among males 19.2 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 16.7 – 22.1).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“and males of 19.2 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 16.7 – 22.1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
The difference between the female and male incidence densities was not statistically significant (p=0.090).
“The difference between these densities did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.090).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
About one-third of SEOSI participants went to the emergency department for a cutaneous injection-related infection.
“Close to one-third of SEOSI participants visited the ED for a CIRI”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Among females, being referred to hospital by a study nurse was independently and positively associated with emergency department use for cutaneous injection-related infection (adjusted hazard ratio 4.48, 95% CI 2.76-7.30).
“and being referred by a study nurse to hospital (AHR = 4.48 [95% CI: 2.76 – 7.30]) were risk factors independently and positively associated with ED use for a CIRI.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“being referred to hospital by SIF nurses (AHR = 4.48 [2.76 – 7.30])”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
The incidence density of a first emergency department visit for cutaneous injection-related infection among females was 23.8 per 100 person-years (95% CI 19.3-29.0).
“The incidence density of first ED visit for CIRI among females was 23.8 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.3 – 29.0)”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“yielding an incidence density for females of 23.8 (95% confidence interval (CI): 19.3 – 29.0)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Premisecitation
St. Paul's Hospital is considered to serve most injection drug users living in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside.
“St. Paul’s Hospital is considered to serve the majority of IDU residing in Vancouver’s DTES.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“However, St. Paul’s Hospital serves the majority of the IDU in this setting [2].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
- Premisecitation
Cutaneous injection-related infections are a main reason people who inject drugs go to the emergency department.
“Cutaneous injection-related infections (CIRI) are a primary reason injection drug users (IDU) access the emergency department (ED).”
- Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · plain
“Cutaneous injection-related infections (CIRI), abscesses and cellulitis are a primary reason why people who inject drugs (IDU) access the Emergency Department (ED) [1–4].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · plain
- Interpretationown data
Nurses refer people to hospital who have severe infections that need inpatient care.
“This suggests that nurses are referring individuals to the hospital who have severe infections requiring hospitalization.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The SEOSI cohort is representative of injection drug users who use Vancouver's supervised injection facility.
“The SEOSI cohort was randomly recruited from within the SIF and therefore is representative of IDU using Vancouver’s SIF”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The study did not have information on the particular role of nurses in assessing cutaneous injection-related infections or their severity.
“we did not have any information on the particular role of nurses in terms of assessment of CIRI or severity of CIRI”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Female injection drug users are more likely than male injection drug users to develop cutaneous injection-related infections.
“it has been previously shown that female IDU are more likely to develop CIRI [2, 12]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Female injection drug users are more likely than male injection drug users to be hospitalized.
“and to be hospitalized [13, 14]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
Nurses at the supervised injection facility have facilitated referral of hospital treatment for cutaneous injection-related infections.
“These results suggest SIF nurses have facilitated referral of hospital treatment for CIRI”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · boosted
“Findings from this study demonstrate that nurses at the SIF play a critical role in referring individuals who use the SIF to the ED.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · boosted
- Study design and conductown data
The number of females may have been too small to yield statistically significant differences.
“there may have been inadequate numbers of females to produce statistically significant differences.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The study's results may not be appropriate to generalize to injection drug users in other settings.
“results from this study may not be appropriate to generalize to IDU in other settings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductcitation
Self-report among injection drug users about drug use and behavioural factors is considered generally valid.
“self-report among IDU related to drug use and behavioural factors is considered to be generally valid [17]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Study design and conductown data
Sex and HIV serostatus showed an interaction.
“because the variable sex interacted with the variable HIV serostatus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The SEOSI cohort was assembled by randomly recruiting injection drug users from within the supervised injection facility.
“the cohort was assembled through random recruitment of IDU from within the SIF.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“The SEOSI cohort was randomly recruited from within the SIF”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
- Premisecitation
Women living in the Downtown Eastside may have chaotic, unstable lives that raise their risk of acute and chronic health conditions.
“Females residing in the DTES can lead chaotic and unstable lifestyles that place them at an elevated risk of developing both acute and chronic health conditions [20].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
Males may have continued high-risk injection practices, as indicated by the finding that requiring assistance with injecting was a predictor of emergency department use for cutaneous injection-related infection among males.
“In addition, these males may have continued high-risk injection practices [25, 26], as indicated by our finding that requiring assistance with injecting was also a predictor of ED use for a CIRI among males.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [25]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- It may state two separate claims as one. 3
Probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataAll participants gave consent that also allowed linkage to administrative health databases.
“informed consent that was obtained from all participants included a request to perform linkages with administrative health databases.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductreasoningThe study used emergency department data from only one hospital, likely underestimating emergency department use.
“We only included ED data from one hospital in this study, which would have resulted in an underestimation of ED use as some participants would have accessed the ED in other hospitals.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningA linkage to St. Paul's Hospital emergency department database was performed to track patient use.
“In this study, a linkage to St. Paul’s Hospital ED database was performed to track patient use.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThe supervised injection facility was designed to reduce barriers to medical care for its attendees, including on-site nursing and referrals to health and detox services.
“The SIF has been designed to minimize barriers to medical care utilization among attendees, including onsite nursing care and referrals to other health and detox services [17].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationThe use of ICD codes is regarded as a valid way to classify disease.
“ICD reporting is considered to be a valid method of disease classification [18]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductown dataThe supervised injection facility database was linked to examine nurse contacts and referrals.
“a linkage to the SIF database was performed to examine nurse contact and referrals issued.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationThe ICD is a World Health Organization-endorsed international standard for classifying disease diagnoses.
“The ICD is a World Health Organization endorsed international standard for classification of diagnoses of disease that is of use for epidemiological and clinical research and healthcare management [18, 19].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [19]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductown dataThe study did not examine nurse-identified cutaneous injection-related infections at the supervised injection facility.
“We did not examine nurse-identified CIRI at the SIF in this analysis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataEmergency department visits for cutaneous injection-related infections were identified using specified ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes from hospital records.
“To be considered an ED visit for a CIRI, the following International Classification of Disease (ICD) 9 codes (Abscess and/or Cellulitis: 682.9) and the ICD 10 codes (Abscess: G061, G062, L020, L021, L022, L024, J851 and Cellulitis: L0300, L0310, L0311, L032, L0335, L038) from a patient’s hospital records were used.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductnone givenThis study received approval from the University of British Columbia Research Ethics Board.
“The Research Ethics Board at the University of British Columbia approved this study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationHealth service use may be over-reported by injection drug users.
“Since health service use may be over-reported by IDU [2, 12]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductcitationThe variables chosen were guided by earlier published work on cutaneous injection-related infections or hospitalization among injection drug users in this setting.
“Variable selection was based on previously published literature on CIRI or hospitalization among IDU in our setting [1, 2, 10].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationFor women in this setting, outpatient or neighbourhood clinic hours are limited and often overlap with working hours.
“outpatient or neighbourhood health clinic hours are limited and often coincide with work hours among females in this setting [1]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationHIV-positive people may be more susceptible to bacterial and opportunistic infections, which could help explain the higher risk of emergency department use for cutaneous injection-related infection seen in HIV-positive males.
“An increased susceptibility to bacterial infections [1] and other opportunistic infections among HIV-positive individuals may contribute to the greater risk of ED use for a CIRI observed among HIV-positive males during the study period [24].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationOsteomyelitis and endocarditis are examples of infectious complications in injection drug users that can require hospital care.
“Infectious complications among IDU that may require hospitalization include osteomyelitis and endocarditis [2].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationA recent study by Shannon et al. found that 39% of female participants in the Downtown Eastside reported an emergency department visit in the last six months.
“A recent study by Shannon et al., found that females in the DTES frequently require emergency care, with 39% of female participants reporting an ED visit in the last six months [21].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationcitationLiving near St. Paul's Hospital, because the Downtown Eastside is close to it, may explain the link between Downtown Eastside residence and emergency department use for cutaneous injection-related infection among females.
“this finding may reflect the close proximity of the DTES to St. Paul’s Hospital [1, 2]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationWomen are known to develop cutaneous injection-related infections differently.
“as well as CIRI development [20]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationWomen are known to use health care in different patterns.
“Since females are known to display different patterns of health care utilization [10, 11]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [11]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationNeeding help to inject has been linked in prior reports to a higher risk of HIV.
“Requiring assistance with injecting has been reported to be related to an elevated risk of HIV [20, 25, 26].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [20]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [25]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationPrevious reports show increased hospital use among HIV-positive injection drug users in this setting.
“This is not surprising given previous reports of increased hospital use among HIV-positive IDU in this setting [22, 23].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The paper relies on this without support.
The supervised injection facility's goal includes providing assessment and referral of cutaneous injection-related infections onsite.
“a goal of the SIF is to provide assessment and referral of CIRI onsite”
The paper relies on this without support.
The emergency department provides unique cutaneous injection-related infection treatment not available at the supervised injection facility, such as incision and drainage or intravenous antibiotic therapy.
“the ED provides unique CIRI treatment that is not available at the SIF (e.g., incision and drainage or intravenous antibiotic therapy).”
Citations
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“Moreover, our findings suggest that the SIF could play a more intensive role in providing primary and secondary level services that could reduce both ED and in-hospital utilization for CIRI treatment.”
BackgroundSelwyn, P. A., Alcabes, P., Hartel, D., Buono, D., Schoenbaum, E. E., Klein, R. S., Davenny, K., & Friedland, G. H. (1992) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199212103272401 · Cited by 282 · cited 1×
“increased hospital use among HIV-positive IDU in this setting [22, 23].”
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Self-citationHigh rates of primary care and emergency department use among injection drug users in Vancouver
Kerr, T., Wood, E., Grafstein, E., Ishida, T., Shannon, K., Lai, C., Montaner, J., & Tyndall, M. W. (2005) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdh189 · Cited by 201 · cited 3×
“Methodology: Using Cox proportional hazard regression, we examined predictors of ED use for CIRI, stratified by sex, among 1083 supervised injection facility (SIF) users.”
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“Cutaneous injection-related infections (CIRI), abscesses and cellulitis are a primary reason why people who inject drugs (IDU) access the Emergency Department (ED) [1-4].”
BackgroundAttendance at Supervised Injecting Facilities and Use of Detoxification Services
Wood, E., TYNDALL, M. W., Zhang, R., Stoltz, J., Lai, C., Montaner, J. S. G., & Kerr, T. H. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc052939 · Cited by 168 · cited 1×
“Keywords: Abscesses, cellulitis, emergency department, epidemiology, gender, health services, injection drug use.”
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“In Vancouver, the SIF is being evaluated through the Scientific Evaluation of Supervised Injection (SEOSI) cohort, which has been described previously in detail [17].”
MethodDrug consumption facilities: an update since 2000
Kimber, J., Dolan, K. A., van Beek, I., et al. (2003) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/095952301000116951 · Cited by 134 · cited 1×
“Keywords: Abscesses, cellulitis, emergency department, epidemiology, gender, health services, injection drug use.”
Lloyd-Smith, E., Wood, E., Zhang, R., Tyndall, M. W., Montaner, J. S., & Kerr, T. (2008) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-405 · Cited by 123 · cited 2×
“Briefly, the cohort was assembled through random recruitment of IDU from within the SIF.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationPrevalence and duration of hepatitis C among injection drug users in San Francisco, Calif
Lorvick, J., Kral, A. H., Seal, K., et al. (2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.1.46 · Cited by 114 · cited 1×
“Keywords: Abscesses, cellulitis, emergency department, epidemiology, gender, health services, injection drug use.”
Hope, V., Kimber, J., Vickerman, P., Hickman, M., & Ncube, F. (2008) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/1471-2334-8-120 · Cited by 112 · cited 1×
“Factors associated with ED use for CIRI among females included residing in the Downtown Eastside (DTES) (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 2.06 [1.13 – 3.78]) and being referred to hospital by SIF nurses (AHR = 4.48 [2.76 – 7.30]).”
BackgroundInfluentialWood, E., Kerr, T., Lloyd-Smith, E., Buchner, C., Marsh, D. C., Montaner, J. S., & Tyndall, M. W. (2004) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/1477-7517-1-9 · Cited by 107 · cited 2×
“Moreover, our findings suggest that the SIF could play a more intensive role in providing primary and secondary level services that could reduce both ED and in-hospital utilization for CIRI treatment.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPrevalence and correlates of abscesses among a cohort of injection drug users
Lloyd-Smith, E., Kerr, T., Hogg, R. S., Li, K., Montaner, J. S., & Wood, E. (2005) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/1477-7517-2-24 · Cited by 102 · cited 3×
“Variable selection was based on previously published literature on CIRI or hospitalization among IDU in our setting [1] [2] [10].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationRationale for evaluating North America's first medically supervised safer-injecting facility
Wood, E., Kerr, T. H., Montaner, J. S. G., Strathdee, S. A., WODAK, A. D., Hankins, C. A., Schechter, M. T., & TYNDALL, M. W. (2004) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(04)01006-0 · Cited by 97 · cited 1×
“Keywords: Abscesses, cellulitis, emergency department, epidemiology, gender, health services, injection drug use.”
Self-citationRequiring Help Injecting Independently Predicts Incident HIV Infection Among Injection Drug Users
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“In addition, these males may have continued high risk injection practices [25, 26], as indicated by our finding that requiring assistance with injecting was also a predictor of ED use for a CIRI among males.”
BackgroundSelf-citationRequiring Help Injecting as a Risk Factor for HIV Infection in the Vancouver Epidemic
Wood, E., Spittal, P. M., Kerr, T. H., Small, W., TYNDALL, M. W., O’Shaughnessy, M. V., & Schechter, M. T. (2003) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03403560 · Cited by 80 · cited 1×
“Moreover, our findings suggest that the SIF could play a more intensive role in providing primary and secondary level services that could reduce both ED and in-hospital utilization for CIRI treatment.”
BackgroundSelf-citationShannon, K. (2005) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1093/jurban/jti076 · Cited by 72 · cited 1×
“Moreover, our findings suggest that the SIF could play a more intensive role in providing primary and secondary level services that could reduce both ED and in-hospital utilization for CIRI treatment.”
BackgroundArchibald, C. P., Ofner, M., Strathdee, S. A., Patrick, D. M., Sutherland, D., Rekart, M. L., Schechter, M. T., & O’Shaughnessy, M. V. (1998) · Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology · doi:10.1097/00042560-199802010-00010 · Cited by 63 · cited 1×
“An increased susceptibility to bacterial infections [1] and other opportunistic infections among HIVpositive individuals may contribute to the greater risk of ED use for a CIRI observed among HIV-positive males during the study period [24].”
BackgroundFloris-Moore, M., Lo, Y., Klein, R. S., Budner, N., Gourevitch, M. N., Moskaleva, G., & Schoenbaum, E. E. (2003) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/00126334-200311010-00012 · Cited by 60 · cited 2×
“Keywords: Abscesses, cellulitis, emergency department, epidemiology, gender, health services, injection drug use.”
BackgroundSoft Tissue Infections Among Injection Drug Users--San Francisco, California, 1996-2000
(2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.21.2707 · Cited by 58
Predictors of Hospitalization for Injection Drug Users Seeking Care for Soft Tissue Infections
Takahashi, T. A., Baernstein, A., Binswanger, I., Bradley, K., & Merrill, J. O. (2007) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-006-0079-y · Cited by 55 · cited 1×
“Methodology: Using Cox proportional hazard regression, we examined predictors of ED use for CIRI, stratified by sex, among 1083 supervised injection facility (SIF) users.”
MethodWright, N. M. J., & Tompkins, C. N. E. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7431.100 · Cited by 46
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections and Vascular Disease among Drug Users, England
Irish, C., Maxwell, R., Dancox, M., Brown, P., Trotter, C., Verne, J., & Shaw, M. (2007) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1310.061196 · Cited by 33 · cited 2×
“Dramatic increases of hospital admissions for CIRI have been reported in several settings [5, 6].”
BackgroundHogan, J. W., Smith, D., Vlahov, D., & Mayer, K. (1999) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/598641 · Cited by 24 · cited 1×
“increased hospital use among HIV-positive IDU in this setting [22, 23].”
Background(1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199303043280927 · Cited by 12
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 28 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kennedy, M. C., Karamouzian, M., & Kerr, T. H. (2017) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-017-0363-y · Cited by 274
Self-citationLeaving the Hospital Against Medical Advice Among People Who Use Illicit Drugs: A Systematic Review
Ti, L., & Ti, L. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302885 · Cited by 236
Kendall, C., Boucher, L. M., Mark, A. E., Martin, A., Marshall, Z., Boyd, R., Oickle, P., Diliso, N., Pineau, D., Renaud, B., et al. (2017) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-017-0143-4 · Cited by 83
Self-citationKennedy, M. C., Hayashi, K., Milloy, M., Wood, E., & Kerr, T. H. (2019) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002964 · Cited by 84
“For example, studies of SIF clients in Vancouver have found that SIF nurses facilitate early intervention for the treatment of cutaneous injection-related infections, including by providing care for these conditions and referrals to hospital, which may prevent these from advancing to more severe forms of infection tha…”
BackgroundSelf-citationDrug consumption rooms: A systematic review of evaluation methodologies
Běláčková, V., Salmon, A. M., Day, C., Ritter, A. J., Shanahan, M., Hedrich, D., Kerr, T. H., & JAUNCEY, M. E. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12919 · Cited by 43
“Increased uptake to healthcare and other services Yes (n = 6) Yes: Having treatment referral from SIF for cutaneous infection related to receiving care at hospital [197] and at the ED [199] Yes: Top 25% attenders (at least 12 visits per year) received treatment referrals [218] Yes: Entry into detox related to attendan…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationUse of on-site detoxification services co-located with a supervised injection facility
Gaddis, A., Kennedy, M. C., Nosova, E., Milloy, M., Hayashi, K., Wood, E., & Kerr, T. H. (2017) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2017.08.003 · Cited by 33
“, 2006) and helps to connect these individuals to critical healthcare and addiction treatment services (Kimber et al., 2008; Lloyd-Smith et al., 2012; Wood et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationArmoon, B., Fleury, M., Griffiths, M. D., Bayani, A., Mohammadi, R., & Ahounbar, E. (2023) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2022.2161313 · Cited by 16
Armoon, B., Fleury, M., Griffiths, M. D., Bayani, A., Mohammadi, R., & Ahounbar, E. (2023) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2023.2202767 · Cited by 4
Valencia, J. A. S., Troya, J., Lazarus, J. V., Cuevas, G., Álvaro‐Meca, A., Torres‐Macho, J., Gardeta, C., Lozano, D., Moreno, S., & Ryan, P. (2021) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab251 · Cited by 3
“2 per 100 person-years among males [27]; However, this cohort reported all admissions to the emergency department and it remains unknown what proportion of them were admitted to hospital; therefore, we can assume that the rate of hospitalization is lower than that reported by the authors in people who are receiving ca…”
Valencia, J. A. S., Troya, J., Lazarus, J. V., Cuevas, G., Álvaro‐Meca, A., Torres‐Macho, J., Gardeta, C., Lozano, D., Moreno, S., & Ryan, P. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-389593/v1
Metadata
- Authors
- Lloyd-Smith, E., Tyndall, M., Zhang, R., Grafstein, E., Sheps, S., Wood, E., Montaner, J., & Kerr, T.
- Affiliations
- Providence Health Care (CA)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- ORCID
- Tyndall, Mark
- Venue
- The Open Infectious Diseases Journal
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2012-02-16
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-11
- ISSN
- 1874-2793 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3856908
- OpenAlex
- W2110698169
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2023: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 0.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Open Infectious Diseases Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Michael Smith Health Research BC
- Health Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (RAA- 79918)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA011591)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homelessness and Social Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Intramuscular injections and effects
- Keywords
- people who inject drugs, emergency department utilization, supervised injection facilities, Downtown Eastside, sex differences, HIV, hospital referral, harm reduction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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