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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a dynamic gatekeeper of neural plasticity.
Abstract
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophin family of structurally related proteins that promote neuronal differentiation and survival during development, is a potent modulator of synaptic plasticity. Changes in BDNF expression, release and neuromodulatory activity, mediated by both epigenetic and post-translational mechanisms, have been associated with many pathological conditions and developmental experiences, such as maternal deprivation and environmental enrichment. Much effort has been devoted to studying plasticity in the hippocampus, a structure traditionally associated with learning and memory, yet there is increasing empirical support for the contribution of another structure--the amygdala--to BDNF-induced changes. Because the amygdala is a critical site for emotional memory formation, and many emotional and neurodevelopmental pathologies have been linked to amygdala-based abnormalities, considerable efforts have been devoted to the characterization of its circuitry. Here we review the role of BDNF as a biochemical integrator of convergent cellular signals, and as a central driver of neural plasticity. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of characterizing BDNF signaling cascades in behaviorally-relevant networks, to identify potential drug targets for novel therapeutic interventions.
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“Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a centrally produced neurotrophin of particular interest due to its high concentration within the hippocampus and its integral role in supporting neuronal survival and growth, and synaptic plasticity (Cotman et al., 2007; Cowansage et al., 2010).”
From Aerobic Exercise as a Tool to Improve Hippocampal Plasticity and Function in Humans: Practical Implications for Mental Health Treatment (2016) · cites this paper as Cowansage et al., 2010
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“BDNF supports neural survival, growth, and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and the cortex [9].”
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“In general, BDNF helps to support various hippocampal functions, such as neuronal survival, neurogenesis, long-term potentiation during learning and memory, and stress response (for reviews, please see [49, 50]).”
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“It is well documented that BDNF has a role in neuroplasticity, cell survival control, and cell resilience (21, 22).”
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“Similar to other cognitive abilities after stroke, language recovery is mediated by neuroplastic processes (Cowansage et al., 2010; Fridriksson et al., 2018; Thompson, den Ouden, Bonakdarpour, Garibaldi, & Parrish, 2010).”
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“BDNF and NTRK2 reportedly play important roles in the adaptation of the brain to stress (Cowansage et al. 2010; Autry and Monteggia 2012; Lu et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2013).”
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“Percentage Biomedicines 2023, 11, 958 5 of 22 level variations of BDNF, NGF, VEGF, IGF-1, ANG, and END-1 were obtained with respect to the baseline (T0).”
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“Neurotrophins are a closely related family of proteins in the brain that contributes to the survival, growth, and maintenance of neurons (Cowansage et al. 2010) and participate in a variety of brain functions such as depression, learning and memory (Ahlskog et al.”
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“The neurotrophin BDNF is an established modulator of synaptic plasticity that regulates neuronal circuits throughout the brain during development and adulthood (Cowansage et al. 2010) and induces a net increase in neuronal activity by regulating both excitatory and inhibitory transmission (Bolton et al.”
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Intranasal BDNF administration promotes visual function recovery in adult amblyopic rats
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“, 2010), for its remarkable ability to mediate, in the rodent visual cortex, the beneficial effects of environmental enrichment on neural plasticity at both the structural and functional level (Cowansage et al., 2010).”
Ross, J. M., & Fletcher, M. L. (2018) · Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes · doi:10.1007/s10863-018-9770-z · Cited by 18
“…it would be more likely to promote overall survival of all OSNs, though perhaps increased levels of BDNF along with concomitant upregulation of receptor at target OSNs or signaling cascades downstream of BDNF itself could explain odor-specific OSN alterations (for review see Cowansage et al. 2010).”
Morè, L., Lauterborn, J. C., Papaleo, F., & Brambilla, R. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.003 · Cited by 20
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“factor) is a key neurotrophic factor implicated in learning and memory, but also in neural plasticity in the amygdala (Rattiner et al., 2005; Cowansage et al., 2010).”
BackgroundExperience Recruits MSK1 to Expand the Dynamic Range of Synapses and Enhance Cognition
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“While both BDNF and a range of plasticity-related proteins have been implicated in the neuronal response to enrichment (Cowansage et al., 2010; Sale et al., 2014; Rogers et al., 2019), the mechanism that allows experience to couple BDNF to plasticity-related proteins has yet to be described.”
BackgroundProBDNF Dependence of LTD and Fear Extinction Learning in the Amygdala of Adult Mice
Ma, X., Vuyyuru, H., Munsch, T., Endres, T., Leßmann, V., & Meis, S. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab265 · Cited by 17
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“BDNF and NGF also represent a crucial signaling molecule in adaptive brain plasticity following stroke (32).”
BackgroundThe influence of sensory experience on the glutamatergic synapse
Cooper, D. D., & Frenguelli, B. G. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108620 · Cited by 19
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Postsynaptic Targeting and Mobility of Membrane Surface-Localized hASIC1a
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Bao, S., Liu, J., & Liu, Y. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12070852 · Cited by 22
“Aerobic exercise has been found to play a facilitative role in improving brain plasticity and cognitive function through neuroimaging monitoring [25,26], and aerobic exercise enhances spatial memory by improving brain activity and cognitive processing speed in the prefrontal cortex [27,28].”
BackgroundShao, M., Yuan, F., Liu, J., & Luo, H. (2022) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s383812 · Cited by 17
“The expression of BDNF indicates stress-induced neuronal plasticity, and serves as a key transducer of antidepressant effects and is essential for maintaining energy and glucose balance in the hypothalamus.(21,51,52) Our results showed that both NPY and BDNF levels were significantly reduced in the b2KODSS group, sugg…”
ResultYi, B., Wu, C., Shi, R., Han, K., Sheng, H., Li, B., Mei, L., Wang, X., Huang, Z., & Wu, H. (2018) · Otology & Neurotology · doi:10.1097/mao.0000000000001717 · Cited by 17
“has opposing effects on neuronal structure and synaptic plasticity, compared with mature BDNF (17,18).”
BackgroundSchättin, A., Gennaro, F., Egloff, M., Vogt, S., & de Bruin, E. D. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00242 · Cited by 18
Astroglia-Derived BDNF and MSK-1 Mediate Experience- and Diet-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity
Lalo, U., Bogdanov, A., Moss, G. W. J., & Pankratov, Y. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10070462 · Cited by 18
“In particular, enhancement of BDNF production in response to environmental enrichment [1,3] can promote dendritic growth and enlargement of synaptic spines in rodents [11].”
BackgroundKim, G. L., Wang, X., Chalmers, J. A., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027799 · Cited by 17
“Some of these include nerve growth factor [10], brain derived neurotrophic factor [11], pituitary adenylate cyclaseactivating peptide [12,13], among other neurotrophic factors.”
BackgroundSun, W., Yang, Y., Chen, X., Cheng, Y., Li, X., & An, L. (2021) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00081 · Cited by 15
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Effects of circadian rhythm disorder on the hippocampus of SHR and WKY rats
Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, W., Liu, X., Chi, Y., Lei, J., Zhang, B., & Zhang, T. (2019) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107141 · Cited by 17
Tsai, M.-C., & Huang, T. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.042 · Cited by 16
“Relatedly, BDNF plays an important role in opioid-induced plasticity (Akbarian et al., 2002; Cowansage et al., 2010) and also regulates drug addiction-related behavior in general (Benzerouk et al., 2015; Zimmermann et al., 2015; Pitts et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialShimanoe, C., Hachiya, T., Hara, M., Nishida, Y., Tanaka, K., Sutoh, Y., Shimizu, A., Hishida, A., Kawai, S., Okada, R., et al. (2018) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12481 · Cited by 16
Spontaneous resurgence of conditioned fear weeks after successful extinction in brain injured mice
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Romano, E., Fuso, A., & Laviola, G. (2013) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-013-9378-3 · Cited by 15
“This hypothesis would be in agreement with the possible epigenetic effect exerted by NIC treatment, since it is well known that BDNF expression is dynamically modulated by epigenetic modifications (Cowansage et al. 2010; Roth and Sweatt 2011).”
BackgroundGao, X., Liu, Q., Nair, B. J., & Wong‐Riley, M. T. T. (2014) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12568 · Cited by 15
“(1) BDNF is a key modulator of synaptic transmission (Cowansage et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMatters of life and death: the role of chromatin remodeling proteins in retinal neuron survival
Lagali, P. S., & Picketts, D. J. (2011) · Journal of ocular biology, diseases, and informatics · doi:10.1007/s12177-012-9080-3 · Cited by 15
“is controlled by a number of epigenetic factors [104] and can be modulated by DNA methylation and histone modification [105].”
BackgroundSui, L., Song, X.-J., Ren, J., Ju, L.-H., & Wang, Y. (2013) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-013-0973-5 · Cited by 15
“These same signaling molecules are also involved in synaptic plasticity of the brain (Cowansage et al. 2010; Giovannini 2006), which might result in the depressed PPF and LTP of fEPSPs slope induced by ICV administration of ouabain in our study.”
BackgroundTripeptidyl Peptidase II Mediates Levels of Nuclear Phosphorylated ERK1 and ERK2
Wiemhoefer, A., Stargardt, A., van der Linden, W. A., Renner, M., van Kesteren, R. E., Stap, J., Raspe, M. A., Tomkinson, B., Kessels, H. W. H. G., Ovaa, H., et al. (2015) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.m114.043331 · Cited by 15
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“One of the mechanisms suggested to be involved in the relationship between depression and the practice of physical activity is the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin related to key brain processes at molecular and functional stages, such as growth and survival of neurons [21], learning and memory…”
BackgroundNachtigall, E. G., Myskiw, J. D. C., Izquierdo, I., & Furini, C. R. G. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06463-y · Cited by 14
“Also, studies have indicated that BDNF signaling through the tropomyosin-related kinase receptors B (TrkBR) contributes to memory processing (Ou and Gean 2007; Bekinschtein et al. 2008; Cowansage et al. 2010; Furini et al. 2010, 2020; Musumeci and Minichiello 2011; Signor et al. 2017).”
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“As BDNF is a crucial modulator of synaptic plasticity, its proper function is of relevance for cognitive functions [21,22].”
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Effect of Electro-Acupuncture on Neuroplasticity of Spinal Cord-Transected Rats
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“NTFs are important factors influencing neuronal plasticity following nerve injury [16].”
BackgroundImpact of Chronic BDNF Depletion on GABAergic Synaptic Transmission in the Lateral Amygdala
Meis, S., Endres, T., Munsch, T., & Leßmann, V. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20174310 · Cited by 14
The "selfish brain" hypothesis for metabolic abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
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Impact of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on olfactory functions of female concussed athletes
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Influencing neuroplasticity in stroke treatment with advanced biomaterials-based approaches
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“BDNF is first expressed in a pro-form (pBDNF) that binds the p75 receptor and triggers neuronal apoptosis [62].”
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Alzheimer’s Disease and Impaired Bone Microarchitecture, Regeneration and Potential Genetic Links
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Pre-reproductive Parental Enriching Experiences Influence Progeny’s Developmental Trajectories
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“Reduced BDNF levels occur in AD, which may cause the progressive neuronal atro phy observed in affected brain regions ( 85 , 86 ).”
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“This profile appears in line with the modulatory effect exerted by nicotine treatment, since it is well known that BDNF expression is dynamically modulated by epigenetic modifications (Cowansage et al. 2010; Roth and Sweatt 2011).”
BackgroundInhibition of PirB Activity by TAT-PEP Improves Mouse Motor Ability and Cognitive Behavior
Mi, Y., Chen, H., Guo, N., Sun, M.-Y., Zhao, Z., Gao, X., Wang, X., Zhang, R., Zhou, J., & Gou, X. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00199 · Cited by 12
“…treatment might be mediated by BDNF. BDNF is known to play an important role in the regulation of learning and memory (Komulainen et al., 2008; Cowansage et al., 2010; Lu et al., 2014; Tong et al., 2015), and can be used as a therapeutic agent to alleviate cognitive impairment (Wu et al.,…”
BackgroundChen, J., Yu, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, L., & Zhang, J. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.06.001 · Cited by 12
Giménez‐Palop, O., Coronas, R., Cobo, J., Gallart, L., Barbero, J. D., Parra, I., Fuste, G., Vendrell, J. J., Bueno, M., González-Clemente, J. M., et al. (2012) · PubMed · doi:10.3275/8180 · Cited by 12
“BDNF is a potent modulator of synaptic plasticity and contributes to the central control of food intake as an anorexigenic factor (4, 5).”
BackgroundPutative pathological mechanisms of late-life depression and Alzheimer’s disease
Hasan, S. M. N., Clarke, C., Strand, T., & Bambico, F. R. (2023) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148423 · Cited by 13
Exercise Maintains Dendritic Complexity in an Animal Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Hoffman, J. R., Cohen, H., Ostfeld, I., Kaplan, Z., Zohar, J., & Cohen, H. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001038 · Cited by 12
“The increase in the expression of BDNF after endurance training is reported to stimulate an increase in dendritic spine density and dendritic arborization (7,23,25).”
BackgroundMitin, H., ZULKIFLI, I., Jamri, M. H. C., et al. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12243479 · Cited by 11
“It can increase neuroplasticity, aid in nerve development and differentiation, and directly impact cognitive processes, including memory and adaptability in the brain [57].”
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Mania: Not the opposite of depression, but an extension? Neuronal plasticity and polarity
Mizuno, T., Omata, N., Murata, T., Mitsuya, H., Maruoka, N., Mita, K., Kiyono, Y., Okazawa, H., Ikeda, H., & Wada, Y. (2013) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2013.05.012 · Cited by 11
“As is often reported, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is deeply related to neuronal plasticity [28,29].”
BackgroundPark, J.-K., Hong, Y.-P., & Lee, S. (2017) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.6614 · Cited by 12
“…of mBDNF induced by OVX. mBDNF exerts its actions on neuronal structure, function and synaptic plasticity underlying memory and cognition (41-43) by activation of MAPK, PI3K-Akt, PLC γ , Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and cAMP response element-binding protein pathways…”
Arroyo, L., Valent, D., Carreras, R., Peña, R., Sabrià, J., Velarde, A., & Bassols, A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210406 · Cited by 11
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“Recently, there is growing empirical support for BDNF-dependent modulation of neural plasticity in the amygdala (Cowansage et al., 2010).”
BackgroundPortes, A., Giestal‐de‐Araujo, E., Fagundes, A., Pandolfo, P., Geraldo, A. D. S., Lira, M.-L. F., Amaral, V. F., & Lagrota-Cândido, J. (2016) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.11.003 · Cited by 12
“Moreover, low levels of this cytokine are associated with Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease (Autry and Monteggia, 2012; Baquet et al., 2005; Cowansage et al., 2010) indicating an important role for this neurotrophin in the development as well as in adult life.”
BackgroundHu, T., Lu, M., Chen, B., Tong, J., Mao, R., Li, S., Dai, P., Tan, Y., & Xiyang, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2018.4035 · Cited by 10
“NTFs are important factors that influence neuronal plasticity following nerve injury (12).”
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Lin, D., Zhang, J., Zhuang, W., Yan, X., Yang, X., Lin, S., & Lin, L. (2018) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2018/1013978 · Cited by 10
Das, M., Balan, D. J., & Devi, K. P. (2021) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2021.08.003 · Cited by 11
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-Mediated Cognitive Impairment in Hypothyroidism
Umesh, M., Kalpana, M., Singaravelu, V., Ganji, V., John, N. A., & Archana Gaur, T. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.23722 · Cited by 10
“Both the transcription of the BDNF gene and the transport of BDNF mRNA and protein into the dendrites are regulated by neuronal activity, which might also encompass the activation of presynaptic N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors [30-31].”
BackgroundLloret-Torres, M. E., Ayala-Pagán, R. N., Martínez-Rivera, F. J., Bonilla-Rullán, P., & Barreto-Estrada, J. L. (2022) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.10.007 · Cited by 9
“The dorsal HPC also may be involved in addiction processes given its dense connections to the VS/NAc and its associations with behavioral sensitization (Degoulet et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSun, Z., Ma, X., Yang, H., Zhao, J., & Zhang, J. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.05.004 · Cited by 10
“It regulates synaptic plasticity and plays a key role in memory formation and storage [13] .”
BackgroundAdnyana, I. M. O., Sudewi, R., Samatra, P., et al. (2019) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2019.019 · Cited by 10
TBI and sex: Crucial role of progesterone protecting the brain in an omega−3 deficient condition
Tyagi, E., Agrawal, R., Ying, Z., & Gómez‐Pinilla, F. (2013) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.12.004 · Cited by 11
“The effect of hormonal treatment (F1,20 = 17.818, p 0.01) and its interaction (F1,20 = 10.612, p 0.01) with injury was significant for the levels of BDNF as analyzed by two-way ANOVA.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Three Neurogenetic Phases of Human Consciousness
Grandy, J. K. (2013) · CIIS Digital Commons (California Institute of Integral Studies) · Cited by 9
Hao, L., Yang, Z., Gong, P., & Lei, J. (2018) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-018-9479-z · Cited by 9
“Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors that facilitate neuronal survival and development, is a key regulator of synaptic plasticity (McAllister et al. 1999; Lu 2003; Li et al. 2013; Bramham and Messaoudi 2005; Cowansage et al. 2010; Edelmann et al. 2014).”
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“Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a key molecule involved in synapse function and neurite growth, is emerging as a crucial player in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory [27].”
Yao, J., Saraf, F., Rathore, V. S., Darkazanli, K., Liu, Y., Korivi, M., & Bhaskar, L. V. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1568334 · Cited by 9
“Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) belongs to the neurotrophin family of growth factors that promotes neural plasticity linked to learning, memory, and recovery from brain injury (Numakawa and Kajihara, 2025; Cowansage et al., 2010).”
Development of Precision Small-Molecule Proneurotrophic Therapies for Neurodegenerative Diseases
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“Consequently, BDNF has a role in promoting learning, cognitive and memory skills, as well as reduction of anxiety [37, 38].”
BackgroundAssociation Analysis of Polymorphic Variants of the BDNF Gene in Athletes
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“Conscientiousness as a phenotype expressed with behavior might be conditioned with polymorphic variants of genes connected to neurotransmission [2].”
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“Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is the most widely distributed neurotrophin in the CNS and its expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus is high (Cowansage et al., 2010) and has been shown to have long-term effects on neuronal survival, differentiation and synaptic plasticity (Park and Poo, 20…”
BackgroundFu, Y. H. H., Zhang, Y., & Yuan, Q. (2017) · BIO Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/bioconf/20170801020 · Cited by 8
“It is generally acknowledged that synapse is the key structure of neuron networking and information transmission and that neuronal synaptic plasticity is the important part of neurobiology for learning and memory ability[10,11].”
BackgroundCai, Y., Fan, Y., Wu, W., & Chen, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1508661 · Cited by 8
“Among these, BDNF, a direct target gene of CREB, plays a pivotal role in synaptic plasticity and memory formation (Lee and Silva, 2009; Cowansage et al., 2010; Miranda et al., 2019).”
Determinants of Cortical Synchrony
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cowansage, K., LeDoux, J., & Monfils, M.-H.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Current Molecular Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01-01
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 12-29
- ISSN
- 1874-4672 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2158714604
- Cited by
- 372
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 12.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Molecular Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neuroplasticity, synaptic plasticity, neurotrophins, amygdala, hippocampus, emotional memory, maternal deprivation, environmental enrichment, epigenetic regulation, post-translational regulation, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- RE1-Silencing Transcription Factor, Hippocampus, Humans, Learning, Memory, Neuronal Plasticity, Repressor Proteins, Signal Transduction, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Epigenesis, Genetic, Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2
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