Targeted alpha therapy with 213Bi.
Abstract
The potential of targeted therapy with the alpha emitter 213Bi has been successfully demonstrated in a large number of preclinical studies and several clinical trials have provided evidence for its feasibility, safety and therapeutic efficacy. This review describes methods for the production of 225Ac and 225Ac/213Bi radionuclide generators, gives an overview of selected preclinical studies and summarizes the current clinical experience with 213Bi. Keywords: Targeted alpha therapy, alpha emitter, actinium-225, bismuth-213, preclinical studies, clinical application, Alpha emitting radionuclides, RADIONUCLIDE GENERATORS, radiolabeled peptide, SPECT
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
For more than two decades, radiochemical extraction from 229Th, which originated from the decay of the fissile isotope 233U, has been the most utilized strategy for the production of 225Ac and its daughter 213Bi.
“For more than two decades, the radiochemical extraction from 229Th, which is originated from the decay of the fissile isotope 233U (Figure 4), has been the most utilized strategy for the production of 225Ac and its daughter 213Bi (88, 89).”
From Alpha-peptide receptor radionuclide therapy using actinium-225 labeled somatostatin receptor agonists and antagonists (2022) · cites this paper as [88]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
An Overview of Targeted Alpha Therapy with 225Actinium and 213Bismuth
Morgenstern, A., Apostolidis, C., Kratochwil, C., Sathekge, M. M., Królicki, L., & Bruchertseifer, F. (2018) · Current Radiopharmaceuticals · doi:10.2174/1874471011666180502104524 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
“The production of (225)Ac from (229)Th at JRC Karlsruhe and ORNL has been described in detail in [10-12] and in a recent review [15].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationCurrent and Potential Applications of Bismuth-Based Drugs
Keogan, D. M., & Griffith, D. M. (2014) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules190915258 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“A number of targeted 212Bi and 213Bi-based therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals have been developed and even assessed in preclinical and clinical trials involving cancer patients with leukemia, melanoma, and glioblastoma [127–132].”
BackgroundAlpha-Emitters and Targeted Alpha Therapy in Oncology: from Basic Science to Clinical Investigations
Makvandi, M., Dupis, E., Engle, J. W., Nortier, F. M., Fassbender, M. E., Simon, S., Birnbaum, E. R., Atcher, R. W., John, K. D., Rixe, O., et al. (2018) · Targeted Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11523-018-0550-9 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“After the initial reported use of (213)Bi in TAT, there has been a large body of in vitro and in vivo work [47].”
MethodDevelopment of targeted alpha particle therapy for solid tumors.
Tafreshi, N. K., Doligalski, M. L., Tichacek, C. J., Pandya, D. N., Budzevich, M. M., El-Haddad, G., Khushalani, N. I., Moros, E. G., McLaughlin, M. L., Wadas, T. J., et al. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24234314 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Graf, F., Fahrer, J., Maus, S., Morgenstern, A., Bruchertseifer, F., Venkatachalam, S., Fottner, C., Weber, M. M., Huelsenbeck, J., Schreckenberger, M., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088239 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“, Actinium-225 ((225)Ac) and Bismuth-213 ((213)Bi) were described in vitro and in vivo [4,5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationOptions to meet the future global demand of radionuclides for radionuclide therapy
Das, T., & Pillai, M. R. A. (2012) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.09.007 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Notni, J., & Wester, H. (2017) · Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals · doi:10.1002/jlcr.3582 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Radioimmunotherapy with α-Particle-Emitting Radionuclides
Seidl, C. (2014) · Immunotherapy · doi:10.2217/imt.14.16 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Müller, C., van der Meulen, N. P., Benešová, M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.116.186825 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“The emission of high-energy b2-particles has been used for radionuclide therapy in combination with peptides (e.g., 90Y-DOTATOC) and antibodies (e.g., ibritumomab tiuxetan [Zevalin; Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc.]) (1).”
BackgroundInfluentialRecent Research Trends on Bismuth Compounds in Cancer Chemoand Radiotherapy
Kowalik, M., Masternak, J., & Barszcz, B. (2017) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867324666171003113540 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Measurement of the 225Ac half-life
Pommé, S. G., Marouli, M., Suliman, G., et al. (2012) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.07.014 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationShi, M., Jakobsson, V., Greifenstein, L., Khong, P.-L., Chen, X., Baum, R. P., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.1034315 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“For more than two decades, the radiochemical extraction from 229Th, which is originated from the decay of the fissile isotope 233U (Figure 4), has been the most utilized strategy for the production of 225Ac and its daughter 213Bi (88, 89).”
MethodAliev, R. A., Ermolaev, S. V., Vasiliev, A. N., et al. (2014) · Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange · doi:10.1080/07366299.2014.896582 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“7 Ci) per year that corresponds to only 100-200 patients that could be treated annually.[10] Several methods have been proposed for 225Ac production.”
BackgroundRetention studies of recoiling daughter nuclides of 225Ac in polymer vesicles
Wang, G., de Kruijff, R. M., Rol, M. A., Thijssen, L., Mendes, E., Morgenstern, A., Bruchertseifer, F., Stuart, M. C. A., Wolterbeek, H. T., & Denkova, A. G. (2013) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.12.008 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationRadiochemical aspects of alpha emitting radionuclides for medical application
Ferrier, M. G., Radchenko, V., & Wilbur, D. S. (2019) · Radiochimica Acta · doi:10.1515/ract-2019-0005 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“DOTA and CHXA′′-DTPA are currently widely used for Bi chelation [90].”
BackgroundRadionuclide Antibody-Conjugates, a Targeted Therapy Towards Cancer
Kitson, S. L., Cuccurullo, V., Moody, T. S., & Mansi, L. (2013) · Current Radiopharmaceuticals · doi:10.2174/1874471011306020001 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Teiluf, K., Seidl, C., Blechert, B., Gaertner, F. C., Gilbertz, K.-P., Fernández‐Sáiz, V., Bassermann, F. C., Endell, J., Boxhammer, R., Leclair, S., et al. (2014) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.2986 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“The efficacy of targeted therapy with α-emitters has been demonstrated in an increasing number of preclinical and clinical studies [16-18].”
BackgroundSelf-citationChan, H. S., Konijnenberg, M., de Blois, E., Koelewijn, S. J., Baum, R. P., Morgenstern, A., Bruchertseifer, F., Breeman, W. A. P., & de Jong, M. (2016) · EJNMMI Research · doi:10.1186/s13550-016-0162-2 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationŠimeček, J., Hermann, P., Seidl, C., Bruchertseifer, F., Morgenstern, A., Wester, H., & Notni, J. (2018) · EJNMMI Research · doi:10.1186/s13550-018-0431-3 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“In view of these issues, (213)Bi (T1⁄2= 46 min) [8], a late daughter nuclide of (225)Ac, appears to be a valuable alternative.”
BackgroundSelf-citationHalf-lives of 221Fr, 217At, 213Bi, 213Po and 209Pb from the 225Ac decay series
Suliman, G., Pommé, S. G., Marouli, M., Ammel, R. V., Stroh, H., Jobbágy, V., Paepen, J., Dirican, A., Bruchertseifer, F., Apostolidis, C., et al. (2013) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.02.008 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationChakravarty, R., Siamof, C. M., Dash, A. K., & Cai, W. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Utilizing High-Energy γ-Photons for High-Resolution 213 Bi SPECT in Mice
de Swart, J., Chan, H. S., Goorden, M. C., Morgenstern, A., Bruchertseifer, F., Beekman, F. J., de Jong, M., & Konijnenberg, M. (2015) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.115.157685 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationAlpha-Emitters for Immuno-Therapy: A Review of Recent Developments from Chemistry to Clinics
Huclier‐Markai, S., Alliot, C., Varmenot, N., Cutler, C. S., & Barbet, J. (2013) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1568026611212230002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Determination of the activity of 225Ac and of the half-lives of 213Po and 225Ac
Kossert, K., Takács, M. P., & Nähle, O. J. (2019) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.109020 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Thijssen, L., Schaart, D. R., de Vries, D., et al. (2012) · Radiochimica Acta · doi:10.1524/ract.2012.1935 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationTherapeutic Radiometals: Worldwide Scientific Literature Trend Analysis (2008–2018)
Uccelli, L., Martini, P., Cittanti, C., et al. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24030640 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ostapenko, V. S., Vasiliev, A. N., Lapshina, E. V., et al. (2015) · Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s10967-015-4331-y · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Fazel, J., Rötzer, S., Seidl, C., Feuerecker, B., Autenrieth, M. E., Weirich, G., Bruchertseifer, F., Morgenstern, A., & Senekowitsch–Schmidtke, R. (2015) · Cancer Biology & Therapy · doi:10.1080/15384047.2015.1071735 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Moreover, targeted therapy with the a-emitter (213)Bi has turned out as a promising therapeutic approach for different types of tumors.(33) In our study nude mice bearing xenograft bladder tumors, as detected via bioluminescence imaging, were treated twice with 0.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDecay data measurements on 213Bi using recoil atoms
Marouli, M., Suliman, G., Pommé, S. G., et al. (2013) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.12.005 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“213Bi is one of the most important a-emitting nuclides used in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) of cancer (Morgenstern et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRecent Advances in Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-Based Radiopharmaceuticals
Diao, W., Cai, H., Chen, L., Jin, X., Liao, X., & Jia, Z. (2019) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1568026619666190201100739 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lange, J. L., Davey, P. R. W. J., Ma, M., et al. (2020) · Dalton Transactions · doi:10.1039/d0dt02673e · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationCationic radionuclides and ligands for targeted therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals
Egorova, B. V., Fedorova, O. A., & Kalmykov, S. N. (2019) · Russian Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1070/rcr4890 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Targeted α-Therapy in Cancer Management: Synopsis of Preclinical and Clinical Studies
Jadvar, H. (2020) · Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals · doi:10.1089/cbr.2019.3340 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“375 MeV a particle that is emitted by (213)Po along the decay path of (213)Bi comprises more than 98% of the a-particle energy from (213)Bi disintegration.(63) The decay cascade also includes 26.”
Vallon, M., Seidl, C., Blechert, B., Li, Z., Gilbertz, K.-P., Baumgart, A., Aichler, M., Feuchtinger, A., Gaertner, F. C., Bruchertseifer, F., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-012-2203-z · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The selective transport of α-emitter-F3 conjugates to the nucleus of tumour cells enhances the probability for induction of lethal DNA double-strand breaks by α-particles [21].”
BackgroundSelf-citationEgorova, B. V., Matazova, E. V., Mitrofanov, A. A., et al. (2018) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.01.005 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Determination of the Th229 half-life
Varga, Z., Nicholl, A., & Mayer, K. (2014) · Physical Review C · doi:10.1103/physrevc.89.064310 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Measurement of the 230U half-life
Pommé, S. G., Altzitzoglou, T., Ammel, R. V., et al. (2012) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.02.053 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation225Ac/213Bi generator based on inorganic sorbents
Vasiliev, A. N., Ermolaev, S. V., Lapshina, E. V., et al. (2019) · Radiochimica Acta · doi:10.1515/ract-2019-3137 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Metal–ligand interactions in complexes of cyclen-based ligands with Bi and Ac
Kovács, A., & Varga, Z. (2021) · Structural Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s11224-021-01816-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Prospects for the Development of an 225Ac/213Bi Generator Using Inorganic Hydroxide Sorbents
Betenekov, N. D., Денисов, Е. И., Vasiliev, A. N., et al. (2019) · Radiochemistry · doi:10.1134/s1066362219020140 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ermolaev, S. V., Vasiliev, A. N., Lapshina, E. V., Kobtsev, A. A., & Zhuikov, B. L. (2024) · New Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d3nj05778j · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Grieve, M. L., Davey, P. R. W. J., Bernhardt, P. V., Forsyth, C. M., & Paterson, B. M. (2024) · Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers · doi:10.1039/d4qi01338g · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pickhard, A., Piontek, G., Seidl, C., et al. (2013) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.09.010 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationKnapp, F. F., Pillai, M. R. A., Osso, J. A., & Dash, A. K. (2014) · Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s10967-014-3642-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Metal-ligand bonding in bispidine chelate complexes for radiopharmaceutical applications
Kovács, A. (2022) · Structural Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s11224-022-01902-6 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Recent Achievements about Targeted Alpha Therapy-Based Targeting Vectors and Chelating Agents
Alvandi, M., Farzipour, S., Shaghaghi, Z., Abbasi, S., & Albooyeh, H. (2021) · Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1871520621666210727120308 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Effect of Chelating Arms and Carrier Agents on t he Radiotoxicity of TAT Agents
Alvandi, M., Farzipour, S., Shaghaghi, Z., Raeispour, M., Jalali-Zefrei, F., & Ahmadieh-Yazdi, A. (2022) · Current Radiopharmaceuticals · doi:10.2174/1874471015666220510161047 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Takács, M. P., & Kossert, K. (2020) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109425 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Motion of Genetically Related 221Fr and 213Bi Radionuclides in a Chromatographic Medium
Ermolaev, S. V., & Skasyrskaya, A. K. (2019) · Radiochemistry · doi:10.1134/s1066362219010077 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Theoretical study of heptadentate bispidine ligands for radiopharmaceutic applications
Kovács, A. (2022) · Computational and Theoretical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113716 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
In vitro and in vivo behavior of 207Bi-labelled microgels based carboxymethyl cellulose
Spiridonov, V. V., Orlova, M. A., Трофимова, Т. П., et al. (2025) · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.136866 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Forrester, R., Dutech, G., Akin, A. C., et al. (2024) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2024.108941 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Betenekov, N. D., Ermolaev, S. V., & Skasyrskaya, A. K. (2020) · Radiochemistry · doi:10.1134/s1066362220040098 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Szczerba, K., Jończyk, W., Knoll, A., et al. (2026) · Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2026.113294 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Application of Radionuclides and Antibody-Drug Conjugates to Target Cancer
Kitson, S. L. (2014) · Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine - Open Journal · doi:10.17140/csmmoj-1-102 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
New Advances in Radioimmunotherapy for the Treatment of Cancers
Kraeber‐Bodéré, F., Bodet‐Milin, C., Rousseau, C., Carlier, T., Ferrer, L., Chouin, N., Haddad, F., Davodeau, F., Chatal, J., Faivre-Chauvet, A., et al. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44946-2_25 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“2 Ongoing and completed clinical trials in alpha-RIT [ 156 ]”
BackgroundPharmacokinetics and dosimetry in intraperitoneal radioimmunotherapy with 211At
Cederkrantz, E. (2014) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
Precision Oncology with PSMA-Targeted α-Particle Therapy of mCRPC
Jadvar, H. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33533-4_15
- Authors
- Morgenstern, A., Bruchertseifer, F., & Apostolidis, C.
- Affiliations
- European Commission (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Apostolidis, Christos
- Venue
- Current Radiopharmaceuticalse
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2011-10-01
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 295-305
- ISSN
- 1874-4710 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2045910571
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Radiopharmaceuticals (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Joint Research Centre (European Commission) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Radiological and Ultrasound Technology › Radioactivity and Radon Measurements
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- targeted alpha therapy, bismuth-213, actinium-225, radionuclide generator, alpha-emitting radionuclides, radioisotope production, radiolabeled peptides, SPECT, preclinical research, clinical application
- MeSH terms
- Alpha Particles, Animals, Bismuth, Humans, Isotope Labeling, Neoplasms, Radioisotopes, Radiopharmaceuticals
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review