Comorbid Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Substance Use Disorder: Treatment Considerations

Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach

Katzman, M. A., Bilkey, T. S., Chokka, P. R., Fallu, A., & Klassen, L. J. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1463-3 · Cited by 732 · see citing works

Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD

Kooij, J. J. S., Bijlenga, D., Salerno, L., Jaeschke, R., Bitter, I., Balázs, J., Thome, J., Dom, G., Kasper, S., Nunes Filipe, C., et al. (2019) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001 · Cited by 686 · see citing works

Meta-analysis of structural brain abnormalities associated with stimulant drug dependence and neuroimaging of addiction vulnerability and resilience

Ersche, K. D., Williams, G. B., Robbins, T. W., & Bullmore, E. T. (2013) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2013.02.017 · Cited by 205 · see citing works

International Consensus Statement on Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Substance Use Disorder Patients with Comorbid Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Crunelle, C., van den Brink, W., Moggi, F., Konstenius, M., Franck, J., Levin, F., van de Glind, G., Demetrovics, Z., Coetzee, C., Luderer, M., et al. (2018) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000487767 · Cited by 151 · see citing works

Comorbidities in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a practical guide to diagnosis in primary care

Mao, A. R., & Findling, R. L. (2014) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2014.09.2799 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

ADHD and Bipolar Disorder in Adulthood: Clinical and Treatment Implications

Salvi, V., Ribuoli, E., Servasi, M., Orsolini, L., & Volpe, U. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57050466 · Cited by 67 · see citing works

Pharmacological Treatment of ADHD in Addicted Patients: What Does the Literature Tell Us?

Carpentier, P., & Levin, F. (2017) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000122 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Using the research domain criteria (RDoC) to conceptualize impulsivity and compulsivity in relation to addiction

Brooks, S. J., Löchner, C., SHOPTAW, S. J., & Stein, D. J. (2017) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.08.002 · Cited by 69 · see citing works

The impact of sensation seeking on the relationship between attention deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and severity of Internet addiction risk

Dalbudak, E., Evren, C., Aldemir, S., Taymur, İ., Evren, B., & Topcu, M. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.035 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in postsecondary students

Murkett, K., Smart, W., & Nugent, K. (2014) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s64136 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Prevalence of cocaine use and cocaine use disorder among adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Oliva, F., Mangiapane, C., Nibbio, G., Berchialla, P., Colombi, N., & Vigna-Taglianti, F. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.021 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Repurposing ketamine to treat cocaine use disorder: integration of artificial intelligence‐based prediction, expert evaluation, clinical corroboration and mechanism of action analyses

Gao, Z., Winhusen, T. M., Gorenflo, M. P., Ghitza, U. E., Davis, P. B., Kaelber, D. C., & Xu, R. (2023) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16168 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

A Review of OROS Methylphenidate (Concerta®) in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Katzman, M. A., & Sternat, T. (2014) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0175-1 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Pharmacotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder with comorbid substance-use disorder (SUD)

Perugi, G., Pallucchini, A., Rizzato, S., de Rossi, P., Sani, G., Maremmani, A. G. I., Pinzone, V., & Maremmani, I. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1551878 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Long-Term Outcomes of Pharmacologically Treated Versus Non-Treated Adults with ADHD and Substance Use Disorder: A Naturalistic Study

Muld, B. B., Jokinen, J., Bölte, S., & Hirvikoski, T. (2014) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.11.005 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Decreased serum levels of adiponectin in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Mavroconstanti, T., Halmøy, A., & Haavik, J. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.025 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Remarkable Reduction of Cocaine Use in Dual Disorder (Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder/Cocaine Use Disorder) Patients Treated with Medications for ADHD

Manni, C., Cipollone, G., Pallucchini, A., Maremmani, A. G. I., Perugi, G., & Maremmani, I. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16203911 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Substance Use Disorder in Adult-Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients: Patterns of Use and Related Clinical Features

Spera, V., Pallucchini, A., Maiello, M., Carli, M., Maremmani, A. G. I., Perugi, G., & Maremmani, I. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103509 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Association between perinatal depression and risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children: a retrospective cohort study

Nidey, N., Momany, A. M., Strathearn, L., Carter, K. D., Wehby, G. L., Bao, W., Xu, G., Scheiber, F. A., Tabb, K. M., Froehlich, T. E., et al. (2021) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.06.005 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Identification and treatment of individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder: An expert consensus statement

Young, S., Abbasian, C., Al‐Attar, Z., Branney, P., Colley, B., Cortese, S., Cubbin, S., Deeley, Q., Gudjonsson, G. H., Hill, P., et al. (2023) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v13.i3.84 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and nicotine use: a qualitative study of patient perceptions

Liebrenz, M., Frei, A., Fisher, C., Gamma, A., Buadze, A., & Eich, D. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-141 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Exploring the Role of Caffeine Use in Adult-ADHD Symptom Severity of US Army Soldiers

Cipollone, G., Gehrman, P., Manni, C., Pallucchini, A., Maremmani, A. G. I., Palagini, L., Perugi, G., & Maremmani, I. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9113788 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Skills training groups for men with ADHD in compulsory care due to substance use disorder: a feasibility study

Muld, B. B., Jokinen, J., Bölte, S., & Hirvikoski, T. (2016) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-016-0195-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

The severity of attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and its relationship with lifetime substance use and psychological variables among 10th grade students in Istanbul

Evren, C., Dalbudak, E., Evren, B., Can, Y., & Umut, G. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.06.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Associations between subtype and lifetime substance use – a clinical study

Liebrenz, M., Gamma, A., Ivanov, I., Buadze, A., & Eich, D. (2015) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.6780.1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Diagnosis, treatment, and burden of illness among adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Europe

Able, S., Haynes, V., & Hong, J.-Y. (2014) · Pragmatic and Observational Research · doi:10.2147/por.s64348 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Comparison of Smartphone Addiction Level, Temperament and Character and Parental Attitudes of Adolescents with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Kocyigit, S., Güzel, H. Ş., Açıkel, S. B., & Çetinkaya, M. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00494-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Screening for ADHD Symptoms among Criminal Offenders: Exploring the Association with Clinical Features

Capuzzi, E., Capellazzi, M., Caldiroli, A., Cova, F., Auxilia, A. M., Rubelli, P., Tagliabue, I., Zanvit, F. G., Peschi, G., Buoli, M., et al. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10020180 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Potential effect of antidepressants on remission from cocaine use disorder – A nationwide matched retrospective cohort study

Gao, Z., Winhusen, T. M., Gorenflo, M. P., Ghitza, U. E., Nunes, E. V., Saxon, A. J., Korthuis, P. T., Brady, K. T., Luo, S. X., Davis, P. B., et al. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110958 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Preventative treatment in an animal model of ADHD: Behavioral and biochemical effects of methylphenidate and its interactions with ovarian hormones in female rats

Lukkes, J. L., Freund, N., Thompson, B. S., Meda, S., & Andersen, S. L. (2016) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.06.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Toward a Theory of Childhood Learning Disorders, Hyperactivity, and Aggression

Mawson, A. R. (2012) · ISRN Psychiatry · doi:10.5402/2012/589792 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Psychiatric and non-psychiatric drugs causing false-positive amphetamines urine test in psychiatric patients: a pharmacovigilance analysis using FAERS

Battini, V., Cirnigliaro, G., Giacovelli, L., Boscacci, M., Manzo, S. M., Mosini, G., Guarnieri, G., Gringeri, M., Benatti, B., Clementi, E., et al. (2023) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2023.2211261 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Psychotic Symptoms Associated with the use of Dopaminergic Drugs, in Patients with Cocaine Dependence or Abuse

Roncero, C., Abad, A. C., Padilla-Mata, A., Ros‐Cucurull, E., Barral, C., Casas, M., & Grau‐López, L. (2016) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x14666160324144912 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

History of Childhood/Adolescence Referral to Speciality Care or Treatment in Adult Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Mutual Relations with Clinical Presentation, Psychiatric Comorbidity and Emotional Dysregulation

Brancati, G. E., Rosa, U. D., Dominicis, F. D., Petrucci, A., Nannini, A., Medda, P., Schiavi, E., & Perugi, G. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13091251 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and nicotine withdrawal: a qualitative study of patient perceptions

Liebrenz, M., Fisher, C. E., Nellen, R., Frei, A. L., Biechl, A. C., Hiestand, N., Huber, A., Buadze, A., & Eich, D. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0911-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Associations between subtype and lifetime substance use – a clinical study

Liebrenz, M., Gamma, A., Ivanov, I., Buadze, A., & Eich, D. (2016) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.6780.2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Methylphenidate as a treatment option for substance use disorder: a transdiagnostic perspective

van Ruitenbeek, P., Franzen, L., Mason, N. L., Stiers, P. L. J., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1208120 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Consensus International sur le dépistage, le diagnostic et le traitement des patients avec troubles de l’usage de substances en cas de comorbidité avec un trouble du déficit de l’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité

van Kernebeek, M. V., Vorspan, F., Crunelle, C., van den Brink, W., Dom, G., Moggi, F., Konstenius, M., Franck, J., Levin, F., van de Glind, G., et al. (2022) · Annales de Toxicologie Analytique · doi:10.1016/j.toxac.2022.02.001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Neuroprotection in late life attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review of pharmacotherapy and phenotype across the lifespan

Dutta, C. N., Christov‐Moore, L., Ombao, H., & Douglas, P. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.938501 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Long-term treatment of adult ADHD in a naturalistic setting: Clinical predictors of attrition, medication choice, improvement, and response

Brancati, G. E., Dominicis, F. D., Petrucci, A., Pallucchini, A., Carli, M., Medda, P., Schiavi, E., Rossi, P. D., Vicari, S., & Perugi, G. (2023) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2023.2168750 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Atomoxetine for the Treatment of ADHD in Incarcerated Adolescents.

Jillani, S., Patel, P., Trestman, R. L., & Kamath, J. (2016) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Diagnosis and Management of Comorbid ADHD in Patients with Substance Use Disorders

Busch, B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72219-6_50 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Comorbidity of common psychiatric disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Chinese adults

Lu, N., Wang, M., Zheng, Z., Zhang, F., Huang, W., Pan, H., Zhong, Y. J., Du, X., Zhang, G., Li, C., et al. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116662 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

“It has tentacles into every single aspect of me” a qualitative evidence synthesis of the lived experiences and perceptions of ADHD youth

Tierney, J., Morrissey, A., Adamis, D., Wrigley, M., & Robinson, K. (2026) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02955-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Exploring Emotional Regulation, Depression, Impulsivity, and Anxiety Connected to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with Substance Use

Das, J., Biswal, J., & Mohanty, R. (2025) · Al-Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.54133/ajms.v8i2.1737 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Adult ADHD in Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

Pallanti, S., & Salerno, L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39051-8_16 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Psycho- und Pharmakotherapie bei ADHS und Substanzmissbrauch

Stieglitz, R., & Fallahpour, M. H. (2014) · DNP - Der Neurologe und Psychiater · doi:10.1007/s15202-014-0939-y

ADHS im Erwachsenenalter und komorbide Suchterkrankungen

Adorjan, K., Karch, S., Martin, G., Plörer, D., Winter, C., Hantschk, I., Koller, G., Erbas, B., & Pogarell, O. M. (2019) · MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin · doi:10.1007/s15006-019-0740-0

Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung im Erwachsenenalter

Sobanski, E., Alm, B., & Thome, J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49295-6_85

Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung im Erwachsenenalter

Sobanski, E., Alm, B., & Thome, J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45028-0_85-1

Evidenzbasierte Psychotherapie bei Patienten mit Substanzabhängigkeit und psychischer Komorbidität

Kensche, M., Bromand, Z., & Kienast, T. (2014) · PSYCH up2date · doi:10.1055/s-0033-1360008

The Causing Factors of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Association with Other Psychiatric and Physical Disorders

Li, S. M., Wang, D., & Zhu, Y. (2022) · International Conference on Biotechnology, Life Science and Medical Engineering (BLSME) · doi:10.23977/blsme.2022066

Adult ADHD and internet addiction among undergraduate medical college students

Afshan, N., Bodepudi, S., Benerji, T., Kodali, M., & Parvathaneni, K. M. (2023) · IP Indian Journal of Neurosciences · doi:10.18231/j.ijn.2023.006

Methylphenidate treatment in adults with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder: a prospective longitudinal study

Brancati, G. E., Marcenaro, M., Costagli, E., Magnesa, A., Medda, P., Schiavi, E., & Perugi, G. (2026) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000630

Substance Abuse in Patients with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Therapeutic Implications

Schubiner, H. (2005) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200519080-00001 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Treating adult ADHD and comorbid substance-related disorders

Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A. (2016) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.930

Managing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the presence of substance use disorder.

Upadhyaya, H. P. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Methylphenidate for Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Adult Patients With Substance Use Disorders: Good Clinical Practice

Chamakalayil, S., Strasser, J., Vogel, M., Brand, S., Walter, M., & Dürsteler, K. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.540837 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Managing ADHD in the Presence of Comorbid Substance Use Disorder

Upadhyaya, H. P. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.0607e15 · Cited by 30 · see citing works