Afterword

Changes in the global economy have produced new power relations at macro and micro levels, altering language ideologies, linguistic capital, and interaction in multilingual and multicultural settings.

“Shifts in the global economic order have led to new relations of power on macro and micro levels, reshaping language ideologies, linguistic capital, and interactions within multilingual and multicultural environments (Blommaert, 2013;Heller, 2011;Kramsch, 2013).”

The model we propose can renew the transformative promise of foundational poststructuralist theory.

“To respond to this current world order, what we propose is a model of investment that is able to reinvigorate the promise of change that foundational poststructuralist theories sought to achieve (Kramsch, 2013) focus but also widening the lens: to go beyond the microstructures of power in specific communicative events and to investigate the systemic patterns of control that communicative events ar”

Norton's research on identity, investment, and imagined communities is regarded as foundational in applied linguistics.

“Exactly two decades ago, in 1995, Bonny Norton began publishing her research on identity, investment, and imagined communities (Norton Peirce, 1995;Norton, 2000Norton, , 2013)), which is now considered foundational in applied linguistics (Block, 2007;Kramsch, 2013;Miller & Kubota, 2013;Ortega, 2009;Swain & Deters, 2007).”