Experiences of Patients With a Diabetes Self-Care App Developed Based on the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model: Before-and-After Study
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Mobile phones have been actively used in various ways for diabetes self-care. Mobile phone apps can manage lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and medication without time or place restrictions. A systematic review has found these apps to be effective in reducing blood glucose. However, the existing apps were developed and evaluated without a theoretical framework to explain the process of changes in diabetes self-care behaviors. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the diabetes self-care app that we developed by measuring differences in diabetes self-care factors between before and after using the app with the Information-Motivation-Behavioral skills model of Diabetes Self-Care (IMB-DSC). METHODS: We conducted a single-group pre- and postintervention study with a convenience sample of diabetes patients. A total of 38 adult patients with diabetes who had an Android smartphone were recruited. After conducting a preliminary survey of those who agreed to participate in the study, we provided them with a manual and a tutorial video about the diabetes self-care app. The app has functions for education, recommendations, writing a diary, recording, goal setting, sharing, communication, feedback, and interfacing with a glucometer, and it was applied for 4 weeks. We measured the general characteristics of participants, their history of diabetes self-care app usage, IMB-DSC factors, and blood glucose levels. The IMB-DSC factors of information, personal motivation, social motivation, behavioral skills, and behaviors were measured using an assessment tool consisting of 87 items extracted from the Diabetes Knowledge Test, third version of the Diabetes Attitude Scale, Diabetes Family Behavior Checklist, and Diabetes Self-Management Assessment Report Tool. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 43.87 years. A total 30 participants out of 38 (79%) had type 2 diabetes and 8 participants (21%) had type 1 diabetes. The most frequently used app function was recording, which was used by 34 participants out of 38 (89%). Diabetes self-care behaviors (P=.02) and diabetes self-care social motivation (P=.05) differed significantly between pre- and postintervention, but there was no significant difference in diabetes self-care information (P=.85), diabetes self-care personal motivation (P=.57), or diabetes self-care behavioral skills (P=.89) between before and after using the diabetes self-care app. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes self-care social motivation was significantly improved with our diabetes self-care app by sharing experiences and sympathizing with other diabetes patients. Diabetes self-care behavior was also significantly improved with the diabetes self-care app by providing an interface with a glucometer that removes the effort of manual input. Diabetes self-care information, diabetes self-care personal motivation, and diabetes self-care behavioral skills were not significantly improved. However, they will be improved with additional offline interventions such as reflective listening and simulation.
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The remaining 4 papers did not specify the type of DM or included a mix of DM types, with 256 patients in the intervention groups and 124 in the control groups.
“The remaining 4 papers did not specify the type of DM they looked at or included a mix of DM types (256 patients in the intervention groups and 124 patients in the control groups) [66-69].”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [67]
Jeon and Park did not find significant differences in self-care information, self-care personal motivation, or self-care behavioral skills.
“They found significant improvements in self-care social motivation (P=.05) and self-care behaviors (P=.02), but they did not find significant differences in self-care information (P=.85), self-care personal motivation (P=.57), or self-care behavioral skills (P=.89) [67].”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [67]
Jeon and Park found significant improvements in self-care behaviors (P=.02).
“They found significant improvements in self-care social motivation (P=.05) and self-care behaviors (P=.02), but they did not find significant differences in self-care information (P=.85), self-care personal motivation (P=.57), or self-care behavioral skills (P=.89) [67].”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [67]
Jeon and Park (38 intervention) found significant improvements in self-care social motivation (P=.05).
“Jeon and Park [67] (38 patients in the intervention group) used the Information-Motivation-Behavioral skills model as a basis to evaluate their app. They found significant improvements in self-care social motivation (P=.05) and self-care behaviors (P=.02), but they did not find significant differences in self-care information (P=.85), self-care personal motivation (P=.57), or self-care behavioral”
From Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [67]
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Effectiveness of Disease-Specific mHealth Apps in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Scoping Review
Eberle, C., Löhnert, M., & Stichling, S. (2021) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/23477 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“They found significant improvements in self-care social motivation ( P= .05) and self-care behaviors ( P= .02), but they did not find significant differences in self-care information ( P= .85), self-care personal motivation ( P= .57), or self-care behavioral skills ( P= .89) [67].”
- Authors
- Jeon, E., & Park, H.-A.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Hyeoun-Ae
- Venue
- JMIR Diabetes
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2019-04-18
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e11590
- ISSN
- 2371-4379 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6495295
- OpenAlex
- W2933849486
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 7.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JMIR Diabetes (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation (2010-0028631)
- National Research Foundation of Korea (2010-0028631)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- diabetes self-care, mobile health apps, mobile application, information-motivation-behavioral skills model, social motivation, personal motivation, behavioral skills, diabetes self-management, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, blood glucose, peer support, diabetes knowledge, diabetes attitudes, goal setting, diabetes education, patient experience, app usability
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