The Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence Conversational Agents in Health Care: Systematic Review

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3. Ovarian tissue quality assessment and fertility preservation strategies enabled by multi-omics and artificial intelligence: current applications and clinical perspectives
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4. ''If it helps then it doesn't matter'': Exploring Non-User Views on Chatbot Companionship through Story Completion
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5. Benchmark analysis of deep learning algorithms for edge-based robotic applications
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6. Self-management for Chronic Illness: A Scoping Review on Designing Virtual Assistants for Patient-Centered Care
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7. A generatív mesterséges intelligencia használatának vizsgálata a primer és szekunder egészségügyi prevencióban Magyarországon
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8. Use of the Dynamic Systems Development Method to Inform Technology-Assisted Motivational Interviewing (TAMI) for Tobacco Cessation: Qualitative Study
   Brian E. Borsari, Joannalyn Delacruz, Ahson Saiyed, John F. Layton, Karla Deyanira Llanes, Isaac Ali Mirzadegan, Jing Cheng, Anita S. Hargrave, Meredith C. Meacham, Delwyn Catley et al. · 2026 · JMIR Formative Research
9. Effects of an Oral Health Chatbot Based on Protection‐Motivation Theory on Plaque Reduction in Young Children: A Quasi‐Experimental Study
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10. The effect of customers' AI-chatbot interactions on purchasing decisions: Dual mediating roles of customer digital intimacy and psychological ownership applied to Saudi SME customers
    Badr Alamr, Abdulaziz Alharbi, Mohammed Ali Al‐Awlaqi · 2026 · Acta Psychologica
11. Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence in the Management of Low Back Pain: a Scoping Review
    Renjie Tu, Simon French, Isaac Searant, Jae Woo Chung, Mark Jonathan Hancock, Farah Magrabi, Aron Downie · 2026 · Journal of Medical Systems
12. Evaluating Chatbots as Nursing Assistants in Palliative Care: A Narrative Review
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13. Shaping the Future of Men’s Health: How AI Could Be a Transformative Tool for Better Patient Outcomes and Provider Efficiency
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14. Characteristics of Human-Like Virtual Profiles in Relation to Audience Reach and Engagement on Instagram: Secondary Data Analysis
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15. Design, Development, and Evaluation of Multimodal Conversational Agents for Health Data Registration and Monitoring: Framework Proposal and Pilot Exploratory Study
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16. Internet of Agentic AI: Incentive-Compatible Distributed Teaming and Workflow
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17. State-of-the-art technologies for the digital transformation of healthcare services – a systematic scoping review
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18. Evaluation of the Feasibility and Acceptability of Perfect Fit, a Virtual Coach–Based mHealth Intervention for Smoking Cessation and Physical Activity in Adults: Mixed Methods Study
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19. Evaluation of Prompt Design and Internal Reasoning in Chatbot-Based Medical History Taking: Simulation Study
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20. Artificial intelligence in maternal and child health: Current applications, translational gaps, and future research priorities
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21. Cost-effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence applications in healthcare: A systematic review
    Ali Imani, Elham Monaghesh · 2026 · Health Informatics Journal
22. Optimal presentation of decision explanations: investigating the effects of explainability and reliability on medical diagnostic performance with conversational AI
    Xin Chu, Fangyuan Chen, Mu Tong, Yun Lu · 2026 · Frontiers in Psychology
23. Artificial Intelligence Chatbots and Conversational Agents – An Overview of Clinical Studies in Health Care
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24. Desenvolvimento de um chatbot na Atenção Primária à Saúde
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25. The Role of Mental Health Apps (MHapps) in Furthering Progress on SDG3: A Case for Multi-stakeholder Collaboration
    Mia Eisenstadt · 2024 · Integrated science
26. Evaluating chat generative pretrained transformer in answering questions on endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection
    Shi-Song Wang, Huizhi Gao, Pengyao Lin, Tian-Chen Qian, Ying Du, Lei Xu · 2025 · World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology
27. Answering hospital caregivers’ questions at any time: proof of concept of an artificial intelligence-based chatbot in a French hospital (Preprint)
    Thomas Daniel, Alix de Chevigny, Adeline Champrigaud, Julie Valette, Marine Sitbon, M. Jardin-Szucs, Delphine Chevalier, Sophie Renet · 2022
28. An AI-assisted Chatbot for Learning the Treatment Process in Radiotherapy (Preprint)
    Nathanael Rebelo, Leslie Sanders, Kay Li, James C. L. Chow · 2022
29. Automated clinical conversations across the cataract pathway with an artificial intelligence (AI) conversation agent: a UK regional service evaluation protocol
    Aisling Higham · 2023 · medRxiv
30. Assessing the Quality of a Personalized Prompt Generator and AI-Chatbot (ChatGPT) for Dietary and Exercise Planning in Obese Adults Using the Fuzzy Delphi Method
    Azwa Suraya Mohd Dan, Adam Linoby, Sazzli Shahlan Kasim, Sufyan Zaki, Razif Sazali, Yusandra Yusoff, Zulqarnain Nasir, Amrun Haziq Abidin · 2025 · medRxiv
31. Improving Doctor-Patient Communication Using Large Language Models - Results from an Experimental Study
    Christian Böffel, Stella Judith Soyka, Sibu Mundi, Wolfgang Wick, Sabine J. Schlittmeier, Varun Venkataramani · 2025 · medRxiv
32. Desenvolvimento e validação de um assistente virtual para farmacovigilância de vacinas
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33. Creating a Conversational Agent in Psychotherapy Using Natural Language Processing: Recognizing User Intents (Preprint)
    Olga iCognito group, Andrey Zakharov · 2021
34. Chatbots in Healthcare Interventions: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials v (Preprint)
    Yan Li, Bingqian Zhu, Xu Liu, Jing Li, Dapeng Chen, Surui Liang, Daniel Thomas Bressington · 2022
35. Analysing the determinants to accept a virtual assistant and use cases among cancer patients: a mixed methods study (Preprint)
    M. V. van Bussel, G. Odekerken-Schröder, Carol Ou, R. Swart, M. Jacobs · 2022
36. Exploring the role of health apps in supporting young people with depression: a mixed methods study
    Laura Martinengo · 2021
37. Using Chatbot as an Alternative Approach for Hands-on Tooth Brushing Training During the COVID-19 Pandemic (Preprint)
    J๋aranya Hunsrisakhun, Samerchit Pithpornchaiyakul, Supawadee Naorungroj, Kittiwara Pupong · 2022
38. Conversational agents in healthcare: a scoping review of their behavior change techniques and underpinning theory (Preprint)
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39. Conceptual Review of Technology Enabled Marketing
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40. Exploring the potential of digital health interventions to address behavioural risk factors for the prevention of non-communicable diseases in Asian populations: A qualitative study
    Jacqueline Louise Mair, Óscar Castro, Alicia Salamanca-Sanabria, Bea Franziska Frese, Florian von Wangenheim, E Shyong Tai, Tobias Kowatsch, Falk Müller‐Riemenschneider · 2022 · Research Square
41. Future Directions of Contextual Behavioral Science
    Rikard K. Wicksell, Niklas Törneke, Lance M. McCracken, Jonathan B. Bricker, Amy R. Murrell, Akihiko Masuda, Anthony Biglan · 2022 · Oxford University Press eBooks
42. Factors Influencing Satisfaction among Employees in Maternity Hospitals
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43. Artificial Intelligence Applications in Clinical Neurosurgery
    Pooria Sobhanian, Misagh Shafizad, Shaghayegh Karami, Fateme Mozaffari, Amirhossein Arab, Ghazal Razani, Paria Shafiekhani, Saeid Safari · 2022 · Precision Medicine and Clinical OMICS
44. MANUAIS IMPRESSOS VOLTADOS ÀS METAS DE SEGURANÇA DO PACIENTE EM AMBIENTES HOSPITALARES: REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA
    Maria da Conceição Nunes da Silva, Maria Sálete Bessa Jorge, Cora Franklina do Carmo Furtado · 2022 · Amplla Editora eBooks
45. Exploring the Feasibility of the Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on Artificial Intelligence Chatbots for Use in Healthcare Based on a Published Systematic Review
    János Tibor Czere, Márta Péntek · 2022 · IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics (SISY)
46. Rest in Peace Dr. Search Engines, and Long Live Dr. Chat GPT (Preprint)
    Bahadır Şahin, Kader Ada Dogan, Yunus Emre Genç, Tarık Emre Şener, Çağrı Akın Şekerci, Yılören Tanıdır, Selçuk Yücel, Tufan Tarcan · 2023
47. Integrated Digital Platforms for Clinical Care
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48. Value-Based Care
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49. Future of Health Professions Education Curricula
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50. Implementing Conversational AI to Enhance Critical Illness Communication
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51. Similarity in action with an Embodied Conversational Agent; can synchronous speech yield higher levels of rapport? An exploratory eHealth study
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52. A Digital Counselor-Delivered Intervention for Substance Use Among People With HIV: Development and Usability Study
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53. Economic Evaluation of Mental Health Interventions
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54. Economic assessment of the cost of developing a voice assistant for oncology patients
    Yu.A. Zuenkova, Nikolai N. KOPYTOV, S. Bogdanovich · 2023 · Economic Analysis Theory and Practice
55. AI Chatbot for Generating Episodic Future Thinking (EFT) Cue Texts for Health
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56. Perceptions of the use of IsiZulu Termbank Technology at University of KwaZulu-Natal.
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57. Perfil clínico-epidemiológico e aplicação de um novo modelo computacional para monitoramento de gestantes de um município do norte de Mato Grosso: um estudo coorte prospectivo
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58. Integrated Digital Platforms for Clinical Care
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59. An Analysis of Deep Learning Models for Conversational Agents in Healthcare
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60. Aproximación a una Revisión Sistemática: Cuidados Paliativos Domiciliarios en Adultos, Integrando Inteligencia Artificial
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61. Utilizing applications Nutrihas Pro for calculated fluid and electrolyte requirements for patient.
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62. Application and Effectiveness Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence Technology in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao
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63. Evaluating an Artificially Intelligent Chatbot ‘Prostate Cancer Info’ for Providing Quality Prostate Cancer Screening Information: A Cross-Sectional Study (Preprint)
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64. Cardiovascular Disease Knowledge Graph Reasoning Method Based on ConvKB Link Predication
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66. Quantitative Review of Conversational Agents in E-Health Using NLP and AI
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67. Artificial Intelligence, Disability, Employment Exclusion, and Human Rights
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68. Reflections on the value of Canadian multiculturalism in health care delivery
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72. Transforming Patient Care: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Modern Nursing Practice in Nigeria (Preprint)
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73. Metrics Used for the Evaluation of Chatbots Providing Cancer Genetic Risk Assessment and Education: Systematic Review
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74. Collaborative Planning of AI Chatbots in Online Health Communities: Sociomateriality and Sustainability Perspectives
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75. Shaping the Future of Men's Health Urology: How AI is Transforming Urology for Better Patient Outcomes and Provider Efficiency (Preprint)
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76. Accuracy and Reliability of ChatGPT in Answering Patient Questions About Lung Cancer and Its Surgery: Comment
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77. Building Digital Therapeutic Alliance with Smoking Cessation Chatbots: An Experimental Examination of Communication Style and User Personality
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79. Trust Me, I Am Almost a Doctor: Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence-Mediated Doctor–Patient Interactions
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80. A prospective single-masked, non-inferiority, parallel-group randomized controlled trial of the efficacy of a ChatGPT-based AI chatbot to improve Boston bowel preparation scores for colonoscopy preparation: A trial protocol
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81. РОЗМОВНИЙ ШТУЧНИЙ ІНТЕЛЕКТ В ОХОРОНІ ЗДОРОВ'Я: ПЕРЕВАГИ ТА ВАРІАНТИ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ
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82. Protocol for a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a technology-assisted motivational interviewing (TAMI) chatbot on smoking cessation
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87. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Chatbot-Supported Remote Patient Monitoring for Anticoagulation Management: Health Economic Evaluation Within a Pilot Crossover Trial
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88. An AI-based chatbot to support health-related social needs among pediatric primary care population: Protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial
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89. Human interaction with a virtual assistant in preparation for in-hospital orthopedic consultation. A feasibility and acceptability study in older adults with osteoarthritis
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91. Uncovering age-related differences in communication by people with persistent pain when interacting with a pain history assessment chatbot in Australia: an exploratory mixed-methods study using a comparative analysis
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92. Natural language processing‐based emotion and usage analysis of an AI ‐powered chatbot for epilepsy support
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94. Additional file 2 of Exploring the potential of mobile health interventions to address behavioural risk factors for the prevention of non-communicable diseases in Asian populations: a qualitative study
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95. Additional file 1 of Exploring the design and utility of an integrated web-based chatbot for young adults to support healthy eating: a qualitative study
    Lee Ashton, Adam, Marc TP, Megan C. Whatnall, Megan E. Rollo, T W Burrows, Vibeke Hansen, Collins, Clare E · 2023 · Figshare
96. Additional file 2 of Analyzing the determinants to accept a virtual assistant and use cases among cancer patients: a mixed methods study
    Martien J. P. van Bussel, Gaby Odekerken‐Schröder, Ou, Carol, Rachelle Swart, Maria Jacobs · 2022 · Figshare
97. Additional file 1 of Analyzing the determinants to accept a virtual assistant and use cases among cancer patients: a mixed methods study
    Martien J. P. van Bussel, Gaby Odekerken‐Schröder, Ou, Carol, Rachelle Swart, Maria Jacobs · 2022 · Figshare
98. Additional file 1 of Exploring the potential of mobile health interventions to address behavioural risk factors for the prevention of non-communicable diseases in Asian populations: a qualitative study
    Mair, Jacqueline Louise, Óscar Castro, Alicia Salamanca-Sanabria, Bea Franziska Frese, Florian von Wangenheim, Tai, E Shyong, Tobias Kowatsch, Falk Müller‐Riemenschneider · 2023 · Figshare
99. Additional file 1 of Is primary health care ready for artificial intelligence? What do primary health care stakeholders say?
    Amanda Lee Terry, Jacqueline Kathleen Kueper, Beleno, Ron, Brown, Judith Belle, Sonny Cejic, Janet Dang, Leger, Daniel, McKay, Scott, Leslie Meredith, Pinto, Andrew D. et al. · 2022 · Figshare
100. Additional file 3 of Exploring the potential of mobile health interventions to address behavioural risk factors for the prevention of non-communicable diseases in Asian populations: a qualitative study
     Mair, Jacqueline Louise, Óscar Castro, Alicia Salamanca-Sanabria, Bea Franziska Frese, Florian von Wangenheim, Tai, E Shyong, Tobias Kowatsch, Falk Müller‐Riemenschneider · 2023 · Figshare