The Carceral Archive: Documentary Records, Narrative Construction, and Predictive Risk Assessment

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

RNA tools typically consist of a set of questions that guide face-to-face interviews with offenders, probing behaviors and attitudes believed related to criminal reoffending, supplemented with an official records check of public and other state records.

“Tools typically consist of a set of questions that guide face-to-face interviews with offenders, probing behaviors and attitudes that are believed to be related to criminal reoffending, and as previously discussed, the questionnaire is supplemented with an official records check, of public and other state records.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Senate Bill 2123 (S.2123), the Sentencing Reform and Corrections Act of 2015, stipulates the development of a Post-Sentencing Risk and Needs Assessment System designed to determine recidivism risk, determine risk of violence, collocate low-risk offenders, assign prisoners activities based on risk level, determine specific criminogenic needs, determine a set schedule for reassessment, and provide最佳

“For example, Senate Bill 2123 (S.2123), the Sentencing Reform and Corrections Act of 2015, stipulates the development of a Post-Sentencing Risk and Needs Assessment System designed to determine recidivism risk, determine the risk of violence, collocate low-risk offenders, assign prisoners activities based on risk level, determine the specific criminogenic needs of each prisoner, determine a set”

• cites [44]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In May 2010, the Secretary of Homeland Security established a Policy for Integrated Risk Management (IRM), also known as the 2011 Homeland Security Risk Management Doctrine.

“In May 2010, the Secretary of Homeland Security established a Policy for Integrated Risk Management (IRM), also known as the 2011 Homeland Security Risk Management Doctrine.”

• cites [47]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Central to this policy were the ideas that risk management should be collaborative, and that risk management systems should be integrated with and sustained by federal, state, local, tribal, territorial, nongovernmental, and private sector homeland security partners, meaning that data could and should be extracted from all available sources.

“Central to this policy were the ideas that risk management should be collaborative, and that risk management systems should be integrated with and sustained by federal, state, local, tribal, territorial, nongovernmental, and private sector homeland security partners, meaning that data could and should be extracted from all available sources.”

• cites [47]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Because of increased cultures of data sharing, and continuing rhetorics of safety and risk, access to these databases for any criminal justice or law enforcement purpose is likely to be granted.

“Because of increased cultures of data sharing, and continuing rhetorics of safety and risk, access to these databases for any criminal justice or law enforcement purpose is likely to be granted.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Both policing and prison endeavors in the United States use state records in risk assessment, recidivism and sentencing determinations, and pretrial decisions.

“As I will discuss in more detail later, both the policing and prison endeavors in the US use state records in risk assessment; recidivism and sentencing determinations; and pretrial decisions.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In the United States, carcerality is a complex and racialized premise.

“In the United States, carcerality is a complex and racialized premise.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The nuances of the interplay between data and metadata and between narrative and counternarrative in social media data raise questions about these data as reliable evidentiary records.

“In addition to the tensions between the public and the private, the nuances of the interplay between data and metadata and between narrative and counternarrative in social media data also raise questions about these data as reliable evidentiary records.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In March 2018, the Prison Policy Institute reported that the American criminal justice system holds almost 2.3 million people in various facilities, with another 3.7 million on probation and 840,000 on parole.

“In March 2018 the Prison Policy Institute reported that the American criminal justice system holds almost 2.3 million people in state and federal prisons, juvenile correctional facilities, local jails, and Indian Country jails as well as in military prisons, immigration detention facilities, civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories.Another 3.7”

• cites [39]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The for-profit prison industrial complex depends on a constant stream of offenders to maintain profit margins.

“As I have already suggested, the for-profit prison industrial complex depends on a constant stream of offenders to maintain profit margins.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

State-sponsored policing in the name of order and safety has, from the beginning, claimed a demand for surveillance and social control.

“State-sponsored policing in the name of order and safety has, from the beginning, claimed a demand for surveillance and social control.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The history of policing as a site of surveillance offers important insights into the archive of contemporary US antiBlack risk narratives and the carceral archives used to construct them.

“The history of policing as a site of surveillance also offers important insights into the archive of contemporary US antiBlack risk narratives and the carceral archives that are used to construct them.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

ATS maintains an official record of license plate data; Department of Motor Vehicle registration data; biographical data; law enforcement and/or intelligence data; reports and projects developed by CBP analysts that may include public source information; and information obtained through memoranda of understanding or other arrangements.

“ATS maintains an official record of license plate data; Department of Motor Vehicle registration data; biographical data; law enforcement and/or intelligence data; reports, and projects developed by CBP analysts that may include public source information; and information obtained through memoranda of understanding or other arrangements.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Responses to the RNA questionnaire are statistically weighted based on how strongly each item is thought to correlate with recidivism.

“Responses to the questionnaire are statistically weighted, based how strongly each item is thought to correlate with recidivism.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

On social media platforms, the user is not the customer; users are the indirect rather than direct source of revenue, and those who purchase user data and advertising space are the customers.

“Although they might be considered shareholders, the user is not the customer on social media platforms.They are the indirect, rather than the direct source of revenue; rather, those that purchase user data and advertising space are the customers.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Carceral data, classed and sorted, classified and confidential, public and private, is the cornerstone of contemporary omniveillance campaigns-one closely tied to slavery era risk management and disorder narratives.

“Carceral data, classed and sorted, classified and confidential, public and private is the cornerstone of contemporary omniveillance campaigns-one that is closely tied to slavery era risk management and disorder narratives.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The values, previous work, and specific areas of interest that fall under the purview of law enforcement are highly racialized and frequently lead to further oppression and marginalization of Black, Indigenous, and other people of color.

“As has already been demonstrated, the “values, ” “previous work, ” “specific areas [of interest]” that fall under the purview of law enforcement are highly racialized and frequently lead to further oppression and marginalization of black, Indigenous, and other people of color.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Archivists and users of archives co-construct archival narratives through processes of archival description and archival storytelling.

“Archivists and the users of archives co-construct archival narratives through processes of archival description and archival storytelling.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Given the opacity of RNAs, their proprietary nature, the capitalist and corporate needs they serve, the carceral and racialized data practices that feed them, and the racialized histories, surveillance cultures, and technologies that produce them, the inability to challenge the results of risk and needs assessments raises serious concerns about modern-day correctional supervision.

“Given the opacity of RNAs; their proprietary nature; the capitalist and corporate needs they serve; the carceral and racialized data practices that feed the algorithmic tools; and the racialized histories, surveillance cultures, and technologies that produce them, the inability to challenge the results of risk and needs assessments raises serious concerns about modern-day correctional supervision.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Nothing in these systems or in proposed legislation speaks to rehabilitation, individual and community health and growth, or the potential for discriminatory design to embed racist beliefs and ideologies into the architecture of safety and risk technologies such as RNAs.

“Nothing in these systems or in proposed legislation speaks to rehabilitation, individual and community health and growth, or the potential for discriminatory design to embed racist beliefs and ideologiesinto the very architecture of safety and risk technologies such as RNAs.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The proposed legislation recommends that the Bureau of Prisons incorporate existing Inmate Classification Systems into federal RNAs.

“Strikingly, this proposed legislation recommends that the Bureau of Prisons incorporate existing Inmate Classification Systems into federal RNAs.”

• cites [44]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The number of incarcerated Americans from communities of color continues to rise disproportionately, and concerns about the human and social consequences of mass incarceration have led to calls for criminal justice reform and prison abolition.

“Statistically, the number of incarcerated Americans from communities of color in the United States continues to rise disproportionately, and resulting concerns about the human and social consequences of mass incarceration at the current scale have led to calls for criminal justice reform and the abolishment of prisons.”

• cites [39]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The carceral archive is one in which oppressed people cannot escape the historical memory and historical trauma that is codified, reinforced, reinscribed, and reified in the documentary record as part of maintaining dominant cultural narratives.

“The carceral archive is one in which oppressed people cannot escape the historical memory and historical trauma that is codified, reinforced, reinscribed, and reified in the documentary record as part of the work of maintaining dominant cultural narratives.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

These instruments calculate stated risks such as a defendant's risk of not showing up for court and risk of re-arrest.

“In addition to other forms of risk, these instruments calculate stated risks such as a defendant's risk of not showing up for court and risk of re-arrest.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Archives frequently read as carceral spaces both as institutions and as physical places.

“Both as institutions and as physical places, archives frequently read as carceral spaces.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Racial disparities are particularly stark for Black people, who comprise 40% of those incarcerated despite representing only 13% of the U.S. population.

“These racial disparities are particularly stark for Black people, who comprise 40% of those incarcerated despite representing only 13% of U.S population.”

• cites [39]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

By 2014, police were already using social media to apprehend criminals; today, largely as a result of increasingly surveillant data cultures, these practices have evolved and expanded.

“By 2014, police were already using social media to apprehend criminals; today, largely as a result of increasingly surveillant data cultures, these practices have evolved and expanded.23”

• cites [23]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The state has created and sustained carceral archives by appropriating and exploiting data cultures, particularly social media data culture.

“I have argued that the state has created and sustained carceral archives by appropriating and exploiting data cultures, particularly social media data culture.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The practice of using data extracted from public and other state records to predict recidivism is deeply flawed, contributes to and draws upon a carceral archive, and does not adjust or account for antiBlackness and racialized cultures of surveillance.

“a practice that I have already argued is deeply flawed, contributes to and draws upon a carceral archive, and that does not adjust or account for antiBlackness and racialized cultures of surveillance.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The most important impact of carceral archives is the justifications for oppression that are codified, reinscribed, and reinforced in these spaces, from carceral records and recordkeeping practices to the narratives that emerge from them.

“What is perhaps the most important impact of carceral archives is the justifica- tions for oppression that are codified, reinscribed, and reinforced in these spaces, from carceral records and recordkeeping practices to the narratives that emerge from them.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

These questions create a feedback loop wherein one's place of birth or current address might lead to a longer sentence, reduced chances for probation or parole, and assumptions about recidivism.

“These questions create a feedback loop wherein one's place of birth or one's current address might lead to a longer sentence, reduced chances for probation or parole, and assumptions about recidivism.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Kentucky requires RNA results in presentence investigation reports to determine whether an offender is eligible for alternatives to incarceration.

“Kentucky, for example, requires RNA results in presentence investigation reports to determine whether an offender is eligible for alternatives to incarceration.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

RNAs try to predict the risk of recidivism using statistical probabilities based on data extracted from public and other state records.

“RNAs try to predict the risk of recidivism using statistical probabilities that are based on data extracted from public and other state records”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In creating a police force, mercantiles were interested in protecting their own financial enterprises and in making those costs the responsibility of the state.

“In creating a police force, these mercantiles were interested in protecting their own financial enterprises, and in making those costs the responsibility of the state.37”

• cites [37]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Narrative construction, as well as the construction of counternarratives or counterstories, is a key methodological component of critical race theory.

“Narrative construction-as well as the construction of counternarratives or counterstories-is a key methodological component of critical race theory.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

There are many reasons a defendant might miss a court appearance-work, childcare, transportation-all of which have financial and racial correlates, meaning the risks being measured are automatically higher for some.

“Arguably, there are many reasons that a defendant might miss a court appearance-work, childcare, transportationall of which have financial and racial correlates, meaning the risks being measured are automatically higher for some.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

A number of risk assessment instruments incorporate data about a defendant's employment status, income, education, and job skills.

“A number of risk assessment instruments incorporate data about a defendant's employment status, income, education, and job skills.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

State records and data practices that support and enable algorithmic risk assessment are enacted by knowledge creators who imbue new types of technology with old social harms.

“The state records and data practices that support and enable algorithmic risk assessment are enacted by knowledge creators who imbue new types of technology with old social harms.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Criminal risk assessments are used in sentencing, parole, and bail.

“Criminal risk assessments are used in sentencing, parole, and bail.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Notions of risk and safety are flawed and racialized concepts in the United States.

“Notions of risk and safety, as I discuss here, are also flawed and racialized concepts in the United States.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

RNA tools can be customized for use by different agencies at various decision points in the sentencing and corrections process.

“RNA tools can be customized for use by different agencies at various decision points in the sentencing and corrections process.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the 19th century, social order was determined by the interests of the mercantile class, who were more interested in social control than crime control.

“In the 19th century, social order was determined by the interests of the mercantile class, who were more interested in social control than crime control.”

• cites [37]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Given the racialized history of law and order in the US, when data is wielded as an instrument of oppression, it is frequently cloaked in the rhetoric of safety and risk.

“It is not surprising, given the racialized history of law and order in the US, that when data wielded as an instrument of oppression, it is frequently cloaked in the rhetoric of safety and risk.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In order to stay in business, private prisons need a nearly constant stream of incoming inmates to replace those that have completed their sentences.

“In order to stay in business, private prisons need a nearly constant stream of incoming inmates to replace those that have completed their sentences.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Private prisons receive a stipend from the government, the amount of which in most cases is determined based on the number of inmates housed in the penal complex.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Shareholder primacy demands perpetual growth, which means that earnings for each fiscal year must supersede the year preceding.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In developing the Assessment System, the Attorney General is encouraged to consult with academics and criminal justice experts as deemed appropriate.

“In developing the Assessment System, and determining what records it will include, the Attorney General is encouraged to consult with academics and criminal justice experts as deemed appropriate.44”

• cites [44]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

The narratives that have historically emerged from data mined and produced by the state are oppressive and racialized, frequently casting Black and brown people as savage, dangerous, and worthy of fear.

“Rather, the narratives that have historically emerged from data mined and produced by the state are oppressive and racialized, frequently casting Black and brown people as savage, dangerous, and worthy of fear.26”

• cites [26]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The private prison profit model means that laws have to be enforced, and in some cases more strictly enforced.

“In simple terms, this means that laws have to be enforced, and in some cases more strictly enforced.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The racist tropes of the native savage and the Black brute and the racialized rhetoric of safety and risk contribute to a national carceral archive, with long-lasting and potentially devastating human consequences.

“The racist tropes of the native savage and the Black brute and the racialized rhetoric of safety and risk contribute to a national carceral archive, with long-lasting and potentially devastating human consequences.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Many social media users have a false expectation of privacy and conduct themselves as though in the private sphere, but they gain access to the means of data production by surrendering rights of ownership to their data and, by extension, their privacy.

“Many social media users have a (false) expectation of privacy and conduct themselves on social media platforms as though they are in the private sphere; the reality is, however, that social media users gain access to the means of data production (the social media platform) by surrendering rights of ownership to their data, and by extension, their privacy.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Department of Homeland Security U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) operates the Automated Targeting System (ATS), a decision support tool that compares traveler, cargo, and conveyance information against law enforcement, intelligence, and other enforcement data using risk-based scenarios and assessments.

“The Department of Homeland Security U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) also operates the Automated Targeting System (ATS), a “decision support” tool that compares traveler, cargo, and conveyance information against law enforcement, intelligence, and other enforcement data using risk-based scenarios and assessments.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

These RNA tools are now used at some stage of the criminal justice process in nearly every state in America.

“These tools are now used at some stage of the criminal justice process in nearly every state in America.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The most widely known source of data used to train RNA algorithms is state or government data, specifically that which is deemed part of the public record.

“Importantly, for the arguments set forth in this paper, the most widely known source of data used to train RNA algorithms is state or government data, specifically that which is deemed to be part of the public record.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The two areas of inquiry-race, data, and law enforcement and race, data, and the documentary record-have remained distinct.

“Yet, despite the many overlapping interests of scholars, archivists, and activists working on data justice concerns, these two particular areas of inquiry-that which investigates the relationships among race, data, and law enforcement and that which sits at the nexus of race, data, and the documentary record-have remained distinct.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Algorithmic RNAs are usually used in conjunction with interview protocols and evaluations of defendant rehabilitation needs.

“Algorithmic RNAs are usually used in conjunction with interview protocols and evaluations of defendant rehabilitation needs.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The distribution of resources is a political decision, as is the allocation of billions of dollars to policing and mass incarceration each year.

“The distribution of resources is a political decision, as is the allocation of billions of dollars to policing and mass incarceration each year.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Some of the most commonly used data sources for Homeland Security risk analysis include archival and other historical records (carceral archives); models and simulations; and interviews with subject matter experts.

“Some of the most commonly used data sources for Homeland Security risk analysis include archival and other historical records (carceral archives); models and simulations; and interviews with subject matter experts (typically done when historical records do not exist or are not deemed to be “appropriate”).”

• cites [47]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The racialized and colonial history of the concepts of risk and safety in America dates to the earliest days of settler colonialism and the idea of the savage native.

“The racialized and colonial history of the concepts of risk and safety in America dates to the earliest days of settler colonialism and the idea of the savage native.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: White European colonizers met their demand for land by conquering the sacred ancestral lands of Indigenous tribes.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Notions of carcerality, deeply imbedded in American history and culture, must continually be reinscribed and reinforced to serve the fiscal needs of the penal project and to maintain the racialized norms of an oppressive and carceral society.

“Notions of carcerality, deeply imbedded in American history and culture, must continually be reinscribed and reinforced to serve the fiscal needs of the penal project and to maintain the racialized norms of an oppressive and carceral society.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

For vulnerable people, social media data-shared digital files, posts, uploads and downloads, participation in online communities, and metadata such as date, location, and time stamps-is carceral data, evidence of activity open to interpretation by the state.

“For those who are already vulnerable, social media data-shared digital files; Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, Reddit, Yelp! and other posts; uploads and downloads; participation in groups or other online communities; as well as the metadata such as date, location, and time stamps generated by each of these activities-is carceral data, evidence of activity open to interpretation by the state.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The history of policing is tied to commerce and chattel slavery, and this is evident in modern-day law enforcement.

“That this history of policing is tied to commerce and chattel slavery is evident in modern-day law enforcement.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Oppressed people have long been imagined as out of place, and technologies of control and order were developed to diagnose, map, and correct these conditions.

“In Dark Matters, scholar SimoneBrowne argues that oppressed people have long been imagined as out of place and that technologies of control and order were developed in order to diagnose, map, and correct these conditions.36”

• cites [36]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

The decision to rely on the carceral narratives constructed by algorithms from state records and government-mined data is also a political decision.

“So, too, is the decision to rely on the carceral narratives constructed by algorithms from state records and government-mined data.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The RNA tool calculates an overall score that classifies an individual's risk of reoffending.

“The tool then calculates an overall score that classifies an individual's risk of reoffending.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Risk and Needs Assessments (RNAs) are proprietary algorithmic tools used to inform decisions at every stage of the U.S. criminal justice system from bail to parole.

“Risk and Needs Assessments (RNAs) are proprietary algorithmic tools used to inform decisions at every stage of the U.S. criminal justice system from bail to parole.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

This is the function of carceral archives and what it means to live within the carceral archive.

“This is the function of carceral archives and, I would argue, what it means to live within the carceral archive.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Archival description is a highly political act.

“Archival description, the process describing the materials in the archivist's care, is a highly political act.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Slave patrols and convict leasing were fiscally sound enterprises and provided strict social control, maintaining the American racial caste system.

“At the same time that slave patrols and convict leasing were fiscally sound enterprises, they also proffered strict social control, maintaining what Michelle Alexander terms the American “racial caste system.” 32”

• cites [32]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [33]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Policing and crime control practices in the United States were-and continue to be-inextricably tied to the violent history of chattel slavery.

“To articulate a critical race and critical archival counter-narrative of policing and crime control in the US is to acknowledge that these practices were-and continue to be-inextricably tied to the violent history of chattel slavery.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

The narratives used to describe archival materials help define the records themselves and determine how records are used and by whom.

“The narratives that are used to describe archival materials help to define the records themselves; description also plays a role in determining how the records are used and by whom.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Archival repositories are constructed as closed spaces and are frequently experienced as such by users, making archival access a subject of disciplinary critique.

“Archival repositories are therefore constructed as closed spaces, and are so frequently experienced as such by users that theory and practice related to archival access-from concerns about archival custody and the ownership of ev- identiary records, to closed stacks practices and cultures of surveillance in repos- itory reading rooms-is a subject of some disciplinary critique. 13”

• cites [13]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Mass incarceration, risk assessments, recidivism, sentencing determinations, and pretrial decisions are all components of a single carceral system that generates and draws upon the carceral archive.

“I have argued that mass incarceration, risk assessments, recidivism, sentencing determinations, and pretrial decisions are all components of a single carceral system that generates and draws upon the carceral archive”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Inmate Classification Systems records, or Objective Jail Classification Systems, are designed specifically to reduce escapes and escape attempts, suicides and suicide attempts, and inmate assaults.

“Inmate Classification Systems records, or Objective Jail Classification Systems, are designed specifically to reduce escapes and escape attempts, suicides and suicide attempts, and inmate assaults.45”

• cites [45]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The carceral archive draws upon, contributes to, and perpetuates the risk narratives used by the state to justify compulsory confinement.

“Next, I interrogate how the carceral archive draws upon, contributes to, and perpetuates the risk narratives that are used by the state to justify the need for compulsory confinement.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

These records are components of a carceral system that both generates and draws upon carceral archives.

“These records are components of a carceral system that both generates and draws upon carceral archives.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Too frequently the very data used to train those algorithms reflect existing cultural biases.

“Too frequently the very data used to train those algorithms reflect existing cultural biases.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

The tension between private and public spheres is critical to inquiries about the evidentiary value of social media and its attendant data and metadata as public records, particularly in light of law enforcement's ongoing use of these data for criminal justice purposes.

“This tension between the private and public spheres is critical to inquiries about the evidentiary value of social media and its attendant data and metadata as public records, particularly in light of law enforcement's ongoing use of these data for criminal justice purposes.21”

• cites [21]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

It was not until the 1830s that the idea of a centralized municipal police department first emerged in the United States, but by the 1880s all major U.S. cities had municipal police forces in place.

“It was not until the 1830s that the idea of a centralized municipal police department first emerged in the United States, but by the 1880s all major U.S. cities had municipal police forces in place.30”

• cites [30]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The use of counterstories in archives challenges the cultural dominance of the status quo, aids in community building, and is an indicator of the need to reallocate power.

“Similarly, the use of counterstories in archives challenge the cultural dominance of the status quo, aid in community building, and are indicators of the need to reallocate power.14”

• cites [14]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

For oppressed and marginalized people, the carceral archive is an embodied carceral reality-a lived experience that stands in opposition to liberation and reinforces historical notions of inferiority and disposability in the present.

“For oppressed and marginalized people, the carceral archive is an embodied carceral reality-a lived experience that stands in opposition to liberation and reinforces historical notions of inferiority and disposability in the present.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The demonstrated use of social media data by law enforcement agencies lacks the nuanced reading of data as archival evidence that would make data justice possible.

“This is true of all records and data, but thus far, the demonstrated use of social media data by law enforcement agencies lacks the nuanced reading of data as archival evidence that would make data justice possible.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Law enforcement data practices in the United States, such as surveillant data mining and algorithmic primacy in offender risk assessment, both draw upon and generate documentary records and risk narratives that propagate a carceral archive.

“This paper interweaves these discussions, examining how law enforcement data practices in the United States ( e.g.surveillant data mining, algorithmic primacy in offender risk assessment) both draw upon and generate documentary records and risk narratives that propagate a carceral archive, and how this carceral archive in turn perpetuates discriminatory practices in the criminal justice system.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

This risk level and accompanying information about an offender's unique needs inform decisions about bail, sentencing, probation, parole, detention facilities, and other considerations.

“This risk level and accompanying information about an offender's unique needs then inform decisions about bail, sentencing, probation, parole, detention facilities, and other considerations.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

People who cannot afford to pay court fines, legal fees, and other debt associated with the penal system are re-incarcerated for failure to pay, much like convict leasing during Reconstruction.

“much like convict leasing during Reconstruction, people who can't afford to pay court fines, legal fees, and other debt associated with the penal system, are re-incarcerated for failure to pay.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Doctrine stipulates that the Department of Homeland Security should play an essential role in leading a unified effort to manage risks to the United States from a diverse and complex set of hazards.

“The Doctrine stipulates that the Department of Homeland Security should play an essential role in leading a unified effort to manage risks to the United States from a “diverse and complex set of hazards.” 47”

• cites [47]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

This data includes everything from vital statistics and demographic information to social media posts and neighborhood crime statistics.

“As previously discussed, this data includes everything from vital statistics and demographic information to social media posts and neighborhood crime statistics.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The National Institute of Corrections encourages these combined assessments throughout every stage of the criminal justice process.

“The National Institute of Corrections, part of the Federal Justice Department, encourages these combined assessments throughout every stage of the criminal justice process.”