High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and the Risk of All-Cause Mortality among U.S. Veterans
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Background and objectives: The relationship between HDL cholesterol and all-cause mortality in patients with kidney disease is not clear. We sought to characterize the relationship of HDL cholesterol and risk of death and examine the association by eGFR levels. Design, setting, participants, & measurements: We built a cohort of 1,764,986 men who were United States veterans with at least one eGFR between October of 2003 and September of 2004 and followed them until September of 2013 or death. Results: Patients with low HDL cholesterol and low eGFR had a higher burden of comorbid illnesses. Over a median of 9.1 years (interquartile range, 7.7–9.4 years), 26,247 (40.1%), 109,222 (32.3%), 152,625 (29.2%), 113,785 (28.5%), and 139,803 (31.8%) participants with HDL cholesterol ≤25, >25 to <34, ≥34 to ≤42, >42 to <50, and ≥50 mg/dl died. In adjusted survival models, compared with the referent group of patients with low HDL cholesterol (≤25 mg/dl), intermediate HDL cholesterol levels (>25 to <34, ≥34 to ≤42, and >42 to <50 mg/dl) were associated with lower risk of death across all levels of eGFR. The lower risk was partially abrogated in those with high HDL cholesterol (≥50 mg/dl), and the risk of death was similar to the referent category among those with eGFR<30 or ≥90 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 . Analysis by HDL cholesterol deciles and spline analyses suggest that the relationship between HDL cholesterol and death follows a U-shaped curve. There was a significant interaction between eGFR and HDL cholesterol in that lower eGFR attenuated the salutary association of HDL cholesterol and risk of death ( P for interaction <0.01). Presence of coronary artery disease attenuated the lower risk of high HDL cholesterol and all-cause mortality in those with eGFR≥60 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 ( P for interaction <0.05). Conclusions: Our results show a U-shaped relationship between HDL cholesterol and risk of all-cause mortality across all eGFR categories. The risk is modified by eGFR and cardiovascular disease.
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A recent register study of more than 1 million US veterans found a U-shaped relationship between HDL-C and total mortality with 50 mg/dL (1.25 mmol/L) as the nadir associated with the lowest mortality.
“A recent register study of more than 1 million US veterans found a U-shaped relationship between HDL-C and total mortality with 50 mg/dL (1.25 mmol/L) as the nadir associated with the lowest mortality [76].”
From Comparisons of the effects of different flaxseed products consumption on lipid profiles, inflammatory cytokines and anthropometric indices in patients with dyslipidemia related diseases: systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [76]
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes a cohort of 1,764,986 U.S. veterans and a U-shaped association between HDL-C and all-cause mortality. The Results section (page unavailable) places the lowest risk in the middle HDL-C deciles, but does not identify 50 mg/dL as the nadir; 50 mg/dL is the boundary of a higher-HDL-C category. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is a U-shaped relationship between HDL-C and total mortality, with 50 mg/dL (1.25 mmol/L) as the nadir associated with the lowest mortality.
“A recent register study of more than 1 million US veterans found a U-shaped relationship between HDL-C and total mortality with 50 mg/dL (1.25 mmol/L) as the nadir associated with the lowest mortality [5].”
From HDL cholesterol: reappraisal of its clinical relevance (2017) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Bowe, B., Xie, Y., Xian, H., Balasubramanian, S., Zayed, M. A., & Al-Aly, Z.
- Affiliations
- Clinical Epidemiology Center, Research and Education Service,
- Saint Louis University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bowe, Benjamin
- Xie, Yan
- Xian, Hong
- Balasubramanian, Sumitra
- Zayed, Mohamed A.
- Venue
- Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
- Published
- 2016-08-11
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1784-1793
- ISSN
- 1555-9041 (ISSN-L)
- 1555-905X
- PMC
- PMC5053782
- OpenAlex
- W2512996508
- Cited by
- 213
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 25.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Dialysis and Renal Disease Management
- Keywords
- HDL cholesterol, all-cause mortality, estimated glomerular filtration rate, kidney disease, veterans, U-shaped relationship, coronary artery disease, comorbidities, mortality risk, lipid-lowering therapy, cardiovascular risk stratification, mortality prediction model, dialysis, mortality risk reduction
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Coronary Artery Disease, Female, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Heart Failure, Humans, Kidney Diseases, Cholesterol, HDL, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Risk Factors, United States, Veterans, Comorbidity, Survival Rate, Proportional Hazards Models
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