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Cited by 203Mosquito-borne diseases and controlViral Infections and VectorsVirology and Viral Diseases

Endemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in the Americas: Hidden under the dengue umbrella

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Aguilar, Patricia V, Estrada-Franco, Jose G, Navarro-Lopez, Roberto, Ferro, Cristina, Haddow, Andrew D, Weaver, Scott C·2011·Future Virology
DOI 10.2217/fvl.11.50PMC PMC3134406
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Abstract

Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) is an emerging infectious disease in Latin America. Outbreaks have been recorded for decades in countries with enzootic circulation, and the recent implementation of surveillance systems has allowed the detection of additional human cases in countries and areas with previously unknown VEE activity. Clinically, VEE is indistinguishable from dengue and other arboviral diseases and confirmatory diagnosis requires the use of specialized laboratory tests that are difficult to afford in resource-limited regions. Thus, the disease burden of endemic VEE in developing countries remains largely unknown, but recent surveillance suggests that it may represent up to 10% of the dengue burden in neotropical cities, or tens-of-thousands of cases per year throughout Latin America. The potential emergence of epizootic viruses from enzootic progenitors further highlights the need to strengthen surveillance activities, identify mosquito vectors and reservoirs and develop effective strategies to control the disease. In this article, we provide an overview of the current status of endemic VEE that results from spillover of the enzootic cycles, and we discuss public health measures for disease control as well as future avenues for VEE research.

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  • VEEV is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes a highly virulent central nervous system disease in horses and other equines with spill-over infections in humans.

    “Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes a highly virulent central nervous system (CNS) disease in horses and other equines with spill-over infections in humans [3,4].”

    From VEEV TC-83 Triggers Dysregulation of the Tryptophan–Kynurenine Pathway in the Central Nervous System That Correlates with Cognitive Impairment in Tg2576 Mice (2024) · cites this paper as [3]

    The Abstract identifies VEEV as an alphavirus and describes mosquito transmission, severe disease in horses and other equids, and human infections. But it limits equine virulence chiefly to epizootic strains; it says enzootic strains are typically avirulent for equids and can cause human disease through rodent–mosquito spillover. The claim omits that distinction and implies equine disease is characteristic of VEEV generally. (LLM, conf=0.87)

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Authors
Aguilar, P. V., Estrada-Franco, J. G., Navarro-Lopez, R., Ferro, C., Haddow, A. D., & Weaver, S. C.
Affiliations
  • The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
  • Center for Tropical Diseases, Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
  • Comision Mexico-Estados Unidos para la Prevencion de la Fiebre Aftosa & Otras Enfermedades Exoticas de los Animales, Mexico City, Mexico
  • Instituto Nacional de Salud (CO)
ORCID
Venue
Future Virology
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2011-06
Volume
6
Issue
6
Pages
721-740
ISSN
  • 1746-0794 (ISSN-L)
  • 1746-0808
DOI
10.2217/fvl.11.50
PMC
PMC3134406
OpenAlex
W2043675598
Cited by
203
References
109
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
FWCI
8.49
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Future Virology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
supported by NIH (AI48807, AI057156)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Vectors
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
Keywords
Venezuelan equine encephalitis, dengue, arbovirus infection, disease surveillance, emerging infectious diseases, enzootic cycle, mosquito vectors, reservoirs, disease control, Latin America, resource-limited settings, diagnostic testing

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