V ENEZUELAN E QUINE E NCEPHALITIS
Abstract
▪ Abstract Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) remains a naturally emerging disease threat as well as a highly developed biological weapon. Recently, progress has been made in understanding the complex ecological and viral genetic mechanisms that coincide in time and space to generate outbreaks. Enzootic, equine avirulent, serotype ID VEEV strains appear to alter their serotype to IAB or IC, and their vertebrate and mosquito host range, to mediate repeated VEE emergence via mutations in the E2 envelope glycoprotein that represent convergent evolution. Adaptation to equines results in highly efficient amplification, which results in human disease. Although epizootic VEEV strains are opportunistic in their use of mosquito vectors, the most widespread outbreaks appear to involve specific adaptation to Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus, the most common vector in many coastal areas. In contrast, enzootic VEEV strains are highly specialized and appear to utilize vectors exclusively in the Spissipes section of the Culex (Melanoconion) subgenus.
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In human cases of VEEV infection, approximately 4-14% of patients report neurological complications including seizures, photophobia, behavioral changes, neuromuscular weakness, and paralysis.
“In human cases of VEEV infection, approximately 4–14% of patients report neurological complications including seizures, photophobia, behavioral changes, neuromuscular weakness, and paralysis [5,6].”
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- Authors
- Weaver, S. C., Ferro, C., Barrera, R., Boshell, J., & Navarro, J.-C.
- Affiliations
- Instituto Nacional de Salud (CO)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0609;
- Venue
- Annual Review of Entomology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 141-174
- ISSN
- 0066-4170 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4487
- OpenAlex
- W2123164501
- Cited by
- 465
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 2.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Entomology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS)
- National Institutes of Health (5r03tw005919-03, n01ai25489-12-0-1)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI049725, AI49725-01, AI-25489, R01AI048807, AI48807-01)
- Fogarty International Center (TW5919)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Vectors
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Vector-Borne Animal Diseases
- Keywords
- Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, emerging infectious diseases, biological weapons, serotype switching, E2 glycoprotein, convergent evolution, host range adaptation, mosquito vectors, Culex (Melanoconion), epizootic strains, viral outbreak, arbovirus ecology
- MeSH terms
- Aedes, Animals, Disease Outbreaks, Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine, Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine, Horse Diseases, Horses, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Insect Vectors, Mutation, Viral Envelope Proteins, Viral Vaccines, Virulence, Equidae
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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