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Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor
Open accessAbstract
This chapter describes the overall field strategy and summarizes nine seasons of field excavations at Sylvester Manor. All tested site areas are described, with greatest detail given to the areas relevant to the research questions on the early plantation period, as well as the pre-Contact/Colonial Native American occupation areas. This overview of the excavations also provides a broad interpretation of the results relating to the early colonial landscape, associations between site areas, and the longer term Native American occupation of the site.
Overview
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TL;DR
This chapter summarizes nine seasons of field excavations at Sylvester Manor, describing tested site areas and initial interpretations of the early plantation, Native American occupation, and later landscape changes. It argues that the plantation core was a tightly compact working and living area that was repeatedly rebuilt and reoccupied, though many questions remain unresolved.
Key findings
- The South Lawn was the most extensively excavated area, with over 180 square meters investigated; its A-2 midden ranged from the mid-17th to mid-18th century, and crossmended ceramic sherds were scattered as much as 10 m. A patterned quartz-cobble surface there was approximately 3.5 m wide with an intact segment about 9.5 m long, using alternating large (~12–15 cm) and small (~3–6 cm) cobbles, and is presumed to date to the earliest Sylvester settlement phase.
- Feature 226, a likely robbed builders’ trench in the South Lawn, had approximately 6 m of length, one intact corner, and extended nearly a meter below surface; it contained shell-tempered ceramics, rolled copper beads, wampum-production waste, European goods dating to the mid-17th century, and a high volume of fish bone and scales. Feature 221 in the Southeast Lawn was a large pit with an interior portion about 4 × 4 m, at least four distinct fill layers, and faunal waste approximately 120–150 cm below surface; its mixed Native and European materials also date to the Early Plantation period.
- On the North Peninsula, one stratified deposit had upper levels mixing Native and European materials and lower levels containing only Late Woodland period (ca. AD 1000–1550) Native ceramics and lithics; the deposit was 16–28 cm thick. Later work there identified two dense shell deposits approximately 1.5 m wide with pre-Contact Windsor Brushed tradition ceramics and nutshells for radiocarbon dating.
- The North Lawn produced a mortared stone foundation with a brick floor interpreted as a dairy, later confirmed by an 1828 dower dispute map; the South Entrance yielded the least cultural material and no features, with many sterile test pits.
Methods
- Fieldwork began in 1998 with 50 × 50 cm shovel test pits on a 10 m grid, followed by intensive excavations in 6 × 6 m gridded blocks divided into nine 2 × 2 m open units; units were excavated by observable stratigraphic layers with arbitrary 5 cm levels within layers.
- All sediments were screened through 1/4" or 1/8" mesh, and the sampling protocol called for a minimum 2 L flotation sample and a 50 ml geochemical sample per stratigraphic/arbitrary context.
- The chapter summarizes nine seasons of excavation across multiple site areas, including the West Peninsula, West/Southwest Lawn, North Lawn, Melon Patch, South Entrance, North Peninsula, South Lawn, and Southeast Lawn; analysis draws on field findings, geophysical testing, documentary maps, and some detailed artifact analyses, though much material identification comes from a general catalog.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: because of the tremendous volume of recovered artifacts, much material identification is drawn from a general catalog, and more specific identifications are unavailable unless otherwise noted. The A-2 midden was disturbed and mixed, so artifacts can only be regarded in the aggregate, making positive associations with particular people or activities difficult.
- Stated in the paper: many interpretations are initial and ongoing analysis may refine, enrich, or scrap them; the specific placement and function of plantation-phase structures remained elusive, and no chimney base was located in the core area.
- Evident from the text: some results, such as those from the west lawn, are described as ambiguous and not clearly related to primary research questions; the conclusion says eight seasons of excavation while the chapter introduction says nine, an internal inconsistency in the text.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Column soil samples were taken from one test pit for subsequent microstratigraphic analysis, showing that the shell deposits were actually comprised of multiple episodes separated by sterile sediments.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The North Peninsula
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In the paper
“an isolated pit feature was encountered with material dating to the late-17th and early-18th century.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The North Peninsula
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In the paper
“Two dense shell deposits approximately 1.5 m wide were identified in this manner.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The North Peninsula
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In the paper
“Test pit survey showed this area to have dense deposits of cultural material, primarily dating to the 19th century.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The North Lawn
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In the paper
“Closer to the house and the constructed land bridge, however, our testing and excavation revealed evidence of shoreline alterations and activities.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > West Peninsula, West Lawn, Southwest Lawn
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a test pit and one 2 × 2 m unit at the shoreline contained a high volume of burned brick with deep deposits of shell and redeposited fill cutting into the original ground surface.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > West Peninsula, West Lawn, Southwest Lawn
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In the paper
“Two units revealed features resembling plow-scars and possible planting pits or fence posts”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The North Peninsula
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In the paper
“Further excavation showed that deep deposits of stone rubble and 19th-century domestic trash were widespread to the north of the Manor house.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The North Lawn
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In the paper
“Three 1 × 2 m units opened most recently have shown deep grading and redeposition of sand fill over buried organic horizons, perhaps for roadbed construction”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > West Peninsula, West Lawn, Southwest Lawn
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In the paper
“However, the trench has multiple layers below this of lighter mottled fill with darker staining, possibly varves or decayed organic matter, extending to a depth of nearly a meter below surface.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Below-surface features
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
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In the paper
“No survey area, however, failed to yield some material or feature.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Introduction
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In the paper
“At the farthest north area tested, which was also at the highest elevations, Native materials were predominant.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The North Peninsula
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In the paper
“The results of this testing showed a distinctly patterned distribution of diagnostic ceramics, wherein earlier (ca.17thcentury) materials were concentrated at the southern, low-lying areas, while later (18th-to 19th-century) materials were densest further upslope to the north (fig.5).”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The North Peninsula
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Open excavation units revealed at least one major structural feature, a mortared stone foundation with a brick floor (fig.3), containing among other things a large number of redware vessel fragments.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The North Lawn
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This area contained a scatter of both late-19th-century and pre-Contact native (lithics and ceramics) material, and one possible fence posthole.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The Melon Patch
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In the paper
“A large number of ceramic fragments of pre-Contact Windsor Brushed tradition (Lavin 1998) were recovered from within the shell deposits, as well as a quantity of nutshells that will be used for radiocarbon dating.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The North Peninsula
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lavin 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A scant amount of 17th-century material and pre-Contact Native American ceramics was recovered below this 19th-century deposit, as well as a small number of postholes.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The North Lawn
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In the paper
“Of all the areas of the property tested to date, these yielded the least cultural material, and no features.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The South Entrance
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In the paper
“The results of this were a single feature, the circular footprint of a 19th-century gazebo, and a broad scatter of architectural debris, 19th-century ceramic fragments, and Native American ceramics and lithics.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The North Peninsula
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Material culture ranging from pre-Contact lithics and ceramics through early 19th-century ceramics was recovered from the presumed plow zone, and any features were severely truncated.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The North Peninsula
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many test pits were sterile, while those that were not contained very few fragments of 18th-or 19th-century ceramics and clay pipes.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The South Entrance
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In one of these units was a stratified deposit of material, wherein the upper levels contained a mixture of Native and European materials, while lower levels contained only Late Woodland period (ca. a d 1000-1550) Native ceramics and lithics (for ceramics see Priddy 2002).”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The North Peninsula
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Priddy 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This area yielded very little historic material, largely brick and nail fragments, and a somewhat higher volume of pre-Contact material (quartz debitage and projectile point fragments).”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > West Peninsula, West Lawn, Southwest Lawn
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In the paper
“But it also contained European goods, dating to the mid-17th century, and a high volume of fish bone and scales.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Below-surface features
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, high volumes of coral and mortar were observed within a few contiguous units, while high volumes of brick debris were observed in several separate locations.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A single 2 × 2 m unit on the west side contained a rubble-filled posthole, but no sign of the cobble surface and A-2 midden only 5-6 m to the west.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The Southeast Lawn
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The feature (F226), likely a robbed builders' trench with approximately 6 m of length and one corner intact (fig.9), has been excavated in segments for a complete profile, showing charcoal-rich soil with a mixture of burned and unburned materials.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Below-surface features
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The stratigraphic layers below the A-2 and A-gravel loam fill are far more varied, and more difficult to read.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, a large number of sizeable native ceramic vessel fragments, ballast flint, and a smaller number of European ceramics and pipes were recovered, among other items.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The Southeast Lawn
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The temporal association of this feature is unclear, as it was filled with debris characteristic of the A-2, yet some of this material (primarily domestic livestock bone) was recovered below the stone in the feature.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
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In the paper
“| South Lawn | Dense, heterogeneous trash deposit 10-20 cm | Early Plantation period? Continues |”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Discussion: Intrasite Stratigraphic Relationships
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In the paper
“Several dozen postholes and postmolds have been documented (see fig. 6), but in no clear pattern indicating a single structure or set of structures.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Below-surface features
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In the paper
“the materials recovered from each area are by no means identical, but they do share enough points of similarity to warrant exploring their connections.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Discussion: Intrasite Stratigraphic Relationships
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In much of our excavation area there is a thick, artifact-rich midden deposit which is deepest at the center of the south lawn, but spreads across to the west, north and east (fig.6 for projected extent; Figure 7 shows midden in profile).”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was originally shovel-tested on a 10 m interval, showing only a scatter of late-18th-to 19th-century materials, apparently subject to mixing due to landscape changes in the later period.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The Southeast Lawn
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These trenches are cut by several of the postholes, and the fill from a few postholes contained ceramics that crossmended to fragments from the A-2 midden fill.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Below-surface features
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whatever its function, this surface ceased to be used and was filled over.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Above-surface features
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The A-1 fill contains a low density of artifacts, broadly datable to the 19th and 20th centuries.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More often, however, a shallow layer of mottled soil contains a lower density volume of artifacts.This layer, labeled in the field as either A-3 or mottled A/B, contains a proportionately larger number of Native American artifacts such as ceramics and lithics.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Feature 221 | Extensive stratified pit feature, containing | Early Plantation period, diagnostic |”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Discussion: Intrasite Stratigraphic Relationships
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| South Lawn | Dense, heterogeneous trash deposit 10-20 cm | Early Plantation period? Continues |”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Discussion: Intrasite Stratigraphic Relationships
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subsoil in the south lawn is generally 40-60 cm below surface.It is a yellow/brown sandy sediment with some degree of larger glacial cobble inclusion.This is consistent with the subsoil found across the site.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the bottom of the feature lay a single layer of stone cobbles and a quarry-cut piece of banded gneiss.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The Southeast Lawn
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The waste material is primarily related to butchery of domestic livestock, but additional layers include both construction (mortar production) and destruction architectural debris.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The Southeast Lawn
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Portions of two intact edges were uncovered, showing the paving to be approximately 3.5 m wide; though its total length cannot be discerned as the ends were destroyed, the intact segment is approximately 9.5 m in length.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Above-surface features
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The amount of gravel mixed with the loam fill is variable, but it does invariably appear in profile as a distinct horizontal layer.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its careful excavation has revealed an interior portion measuring approximately 4 × 4 m with at least four distinct layers of fill.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The Southeast Lawn
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Feature 226 | Robbed builders trench (post-in-ground), | Early Plantation period, capped by |”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Discussion: Intrasite Stratigraphic Relationships
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This fill layer did not yield the remarkable density of artifacts of the A-2 but there was still a notable increase in the number and size of the artifacts.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“A subsample analysis of the arbitrary levels within the midden showes a consistent difference in ceramic and pipestem dates, with a slightly more recent date in the upper level (Hancock 2002; see also Proebsting, Piechota, this volume).”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hancock 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Proebsting, Piechota, this volume
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The depth of this deposit varies over space, growing thicker from east to west, and dropping off at a line roughly parallel to an underlying trench feature run- ning ESE to WNW.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the A-2 midden deposit and the Agravel loam fill are the most widespread, there are peripheral locations where neither of these is identified below the A-1.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Cobbled Surface | Diamond-patterned surface paved with quartz | Early Plantation period, covered in |”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Discussion: Intrasite Stratigraphic Relationships
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In these, the A-2 midden lay over a series of lighter mottled and darker burned layers (see fig. 9), and in one area a 2-3 cm thick lens of unset mortar.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The feature (F221) was a large, deep pit filled with waste, cut by two modern pipe trenches and a refilled area from tree removal ca.1940.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The Southeast Lawn
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Feature 226 | Robbed builders trench (post-in-ground), | Early Plantation period, capped by |”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Discussion: Intrasite Stratigraphic Relationships
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the south and southwest in the south lawn area, the A-2 is absent, and the A-1 loam fill is underlain instead by a gravel-loam fill.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diagnostic ceramics placed this deposition layer in the latter half of the 19th century, which gives a finer chronological resolution to the evident landscaping efforts.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The Southeast Lawn
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Pipe trenches | Two utility pipes (lead and iron) cutting across | Early-20th century; cut through |”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Discussion: Intrasite Stratigraphic Relationships
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the bottom depths of this loam fill (designated A-1) indicate an even steeper grade prior to filling, with as much as an additional 20 cm of loam at the western side.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In more spatially limited locations, though, instances of unusual deposition were observed.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The Southeast Lawn
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, over 180 square meters of the south lawn have been investigated through open excavation, much of which is contiguous”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The South Lawn
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the west this fill is also considerably impacted by tree root disturbance, and there were a few fragments of 19th-century ceramics mixed with earlier materials”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Feature 221 | Extensive stratified pit feature, containing | Early Plantation period, diagnostic |”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Discussion: Intrasite Stratigraphic Relationships
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Pipe trenches | Two utility pipes (lead and iron) cutting across | Early-20th century; cut through |”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Discussion: Intrasite Stratigraphic Relationships
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additional excavation units adjacent to this feature were opened in 2005, revealing several postholes.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The Southeast Lawn
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A thin (< 5 cm) layer of A-2 midden was deposited onto its surface, and was subsequently buried under A-1 loam fill.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Above-surface features
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These include the coarse stone foundation or sill in the northwest quadrant, as discussed earlier; a linear arrangement of upright stones in the center, possibly a fence or pathway border; and an extensive cobble-paved surface at the east side (fig.8).”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Above-surface features
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Brick and Mortar | South Lawn layer with burned, redeposited | Plantation or Tenant Farm, capped by |”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Discussion: Intrasite Stratigraphic Relationships
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The surface and fill layers of the south lawn have created an open, level space, in direct contrast to the apparent profusion of activity evidenced by the below-surface features.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Below-surface features
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| Cobbled Surface | Diamond-patterned surface paved with quartz | Early Plantation period, covered in |”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Discussion: Intrasite Stratigraphic Relationships
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lighter soil matrix of the upper, later deposit may be the result of soil depletion or tree-clearing that accelerated the rate of slope wash at one time during the historic period.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The North Peninsula
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The feature was interpreted as a dairy, which was later confirmed by an 1828 dower's dispute map of the property (fig.4) that identified the dairy along with several other outbuildings such as a winch-house, hog-pen, and cart-house in the same area.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The North Lawn
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 1828 dower's dispute map (fig.4)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the stratigraphy of the West Peninsula as a whole indicated that the surface has been subject to considerable slope wash, and very little organic soil is retained.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > West Peninsula, West Lawn, Southwest Lawn
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the array of material recovered and the orientation and type of features, suggest that this area is complex and spatially quite extensive”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > West Peninsula, West Lawn, Southwest Lawn
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The burned feature itself may have been the result of in-situ burning for tree removal or perhaps a longer-term effort at charcoal production.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > West Peninsula, West Lawn, Southwest Lawn
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the stratigraphy appears undisturbed it is possible that this area was only used as pastureland.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The South Entrance
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that we have found no evidence of such a structure, a second possible interpretation is that the cobble paved surface was instead a roadway.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Above-surface features
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the later (19th-and 20th-century) landscaping has hindered our ability to define the extent of the implied structures or fencelines, these posts suggest that the pit feature was capped early on, possibly before Nathaniel Sylvester's death in 1680, allowing new buildings or yards to take its place on the landscape.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The Southeast Lawn
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is difficult to make positive associations of these artifacts with particular people or activities, or even to refine the dating of the deposit, as the mixed materials ranged in date from the mid-17th to the mid-18th century.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this would suggest that either the area was filled in an early (18th-century) landscaping effort, and was subsequently disturbed by tree root growth, or that the gravel was introduced when backfilling a hole left by tree removal.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regardless, in the subsequent life of the feature it appears to have been cut and filled in multiple episodes, with the bulk of the butchery waste and sand forming earlier deposits while structural and residential debris was added in later periods.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The Southeast Lawn
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The care and time given to creating a patterned surface does, however, suggest an associated structure of appropriately high style and status.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Above-surface features
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The surface may have been used as a long, narrow dooryard or courtyard, or possibly as part of the workyard with a”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Above-surface features
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One interpretation of this stone foundation is that it may have been a small outbuilding or summer kitchen associated with the current Manor house in its early (18thcentury) occupation period.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The presence of the cut gneiss, however, raises the possibility that a building may have been constructed there, perhaps of post-in-trench construction style similar to that evident in Feature 226.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The Southeast Lawn
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This area, only a few meters south of the front door of the current Manor house, appears to have been used intensively since the initial period of European settlement, and there is evidence of prior pre-Contact occupation as well.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The South Lawn
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This area may have been the preferred location for shellfish procurement, as no other significant accumulations of shell have been located on the site.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The North Peninsula
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These thin layers were apparently redeposited excavate or destruction debris associated with Feature 226 that appears to have been a robbed builders or foundation trench, and contained a small number of diagnostic artifacts dating to the early plantation period.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cobble paved surface was skillfully constructed using locally available rounded quartz cobbles, likely collected from glacial till deposits.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Above-surface features
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But the mixture of Native and European materials in the refilling, dating to the Early Plantation period (mid-17th century), indicates that these two features are both temporally and spatially related.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The Southeast Lawn
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These posts could possibly represent a pre-Contact occupation, but it is more likely that they are early Sylvester settlement-related, as the post fill contained a small amount of European material, and the shape and size of the posts were more reminiscent of European construction.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Stratigraphy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Preliminary material analysis indicates that sets of posts are distinguishable by temporally distinct ceramic types, with several very large posts indicating a possible late-17th/ early-18th-century structure, while smaller posts may be remains of later fence lines.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The Southeast Lawn
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A moderately sized (~50 cm diameter) pit feature near the trenches may be related to either period, though its material inclusions are similar to the fill of the trenches.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Below-surface features
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Activity on the north-northwest lawn would have been out of the sightline from the public face, and thus could be expected to show continued heavy use over time.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Discussion: Intrasite Stratigraphic Relationships
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pit itself may have been either a pre-Contact feature, such as a borrow pit, or a natural topographic depression, thus utilized for waste disposal by the occupants of the earliest plantation.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > The Southeast Lawn
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Though the trench appears to have been repeatedly cut into and refilled, leaving the definition of associated posts unclear, it is perhaps our best window into the early plantation phase structures.”
§ Field Excavations at Sylvester Manor > Below-surface features
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Much of the stone and sand fill matrix in the North Lawn is cellar excavate.
“Much of the stone and sand fill matrix is presumed to be cellar excavate.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The Sylvesters would prefer to live at some distance from the working areas.
“assuming that they would prefer to live at some distance from the working areas.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Excavation seasons counted as both nine and eight
MinorThe chapter summary says it covers nine seasons of field excavations, but the discussion calls them eight seasons.
“This chapter describes the overall field strategy and summarizes nine seasons of field excavations at Sylvester Manor.”
“our eight seasons of excavation seemed to have passed too quickly”
Utility pipes identified as both iron and lead
MinorThe text describes the pipes as iron, one of them galvanized, while Table 1 identifies the two pipes as lead and iron.
“These are from iron pipes, one galvanized, likely placed in the early-20th century.”
“Two utility pipes (lead and iron) cutting across”
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- M.A. thesis, University of Massachusetts Boston.
- M.A. thesis, University of Massachusetts, Boston.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
MROZOWSKI, S. A. (2009) · Journal of Historical Sociology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2009.01358.x · Cited by 16
Occulting the past. Conceptualizing forgetting in the history and archaeology of Sylvester Manor
Hayes, K. H. (2011) · Archaeological Dialogues · doi:10.1017/s1380203811000262 · Cited by 15
Self-citationLabor and Agricultural Production at Sylvester Manor Plantation, Shelter Island, New York
Trigg, H. B., & Landon, D. B. (2010) · Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/bf03376802 · Cited by 10
Delle, J. A., & Fellows, K. R. (2012) · Northeast Historical Archaeology · doi:10.22191/neha/vol41/iss1/4 · Cited by 6
Colonial Houses and Cultural Identity in New York State’s Mohawk River Valley
Stull, S., Rogers, M. B., & Hurley, K. (2014) · Archaeological Discovery · doi:10.4236/ad.2014.22003 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Hayes, K. H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hayes, Katherine Howlett
- Venue
- Northeast Historical Archaeology
- Publisher
- Binghamton University
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 34-50
- ISSN
- 0048-0738 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W203060916
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Northeast Historical Archaeology (publishedVersion)
- The Open Repository - Binghamton (Binghamton University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Massachusetts Boston
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Historical and Cultural Archaeology Studies
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeological Research and Protection
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Colonialism, slavery, and trade
- Keywords
- plantation archaeology, colonial North Carolina
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