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From Youghco to Black John: Ethnohistory of Sylvester Manor, ca. 1600–1735
Open accessAbstract
The 17th-century residents of Sylvester Manor were a culturally diverse group, comprised of Native Manhanset, European settlers, and enslaved Africans. To understand the archaeological remains of this plantation, documentary remains both specific to Sylvester Manor and more generally of the region have been examined. This article presents the synthesis of relevant historical documents, with an emphasis on the ethnohistoric component, drawing out perspectives on the Manhanset and African residents in their interactions with the Sylvester family and other European settlers.
Overview
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TL;DR
This article synthesizes documentary evidence to reconstruct the ethnohistory of Sylvester Manor on Shelter Island, ca. 1600–1735, emphasizing interactions among Manhanset, European, and enslaved African residents. It argues these groups shared social space and labor, but their roles remain only partially visible because surviving records are sparse and largely European-authored.
Key findings
- Shelter Island was sold by Stephen Goodyear to the partnership of Thomas Middleton, Thomas Rouse, Constant Sylvester, and Nathaniel Sylvester on June 9, 1651, for sixteen hundred pounds of Muscovado sugar; after Manhanset sachem Youghco complained to the United Colonies in 1652, he and three elders received payment for the island on December 27, 1652, and Youghco transferred possession on March 23, 1653.
- Nathaniel Sylvester’s 1680 will distributed twenty-three Africans, consisting of six family groups and one single male, between Grissell and their eleven children; his September 22, 1680 inventory listed twenty slaves, eleven claimed personally and nine held in partnership, within an estate worth one thousand five hundred and fifty-nine pounds sterling, thirteen shillings.
- Giles Sylvester’s account book documented exchanges with at least fifty individuals, including four women and one African man; in 1682 he hired seventeen Manhansets for reaping wheat at one pound for every three and a half days of labor, while most listed workers were credited one shilling for a day’s work.
- Brinley Sylvester completed a new Georgian house in 1733 and won his New York court case in 1735, consolidating much of Shelter Island under a single Sylvester proprietor; the current two hundred and forty acres of Sylvester Manor have remained in descendants’ possession.
Methods
- Design: ethnohistorical synthesis of primary and secondary documents, with emphasis on drawing out perspectives on Manhanset and African residents in their interactions with the Sylvester family and other European settlers.
- Data: documents specific to Sylvester Manor and the region, dating from the 1650s to the present, located at New York University, the Shelter Island Historical Society, the East Hampton Library, and other New York repositories.
- Analysis: qualitative documentary synthesis of wills, deeds, account books, court records, letters, and related sources; no formal statistical or archaeological analysis is presented in the article.
Limitations
- The paper states that a lack of historical documentation and the inherent bias of records overwhelmingly composed by European colonists have limited scholarship on non-European groups.
- The paper states that the composition of the early labor force at Sylvester Manor remains unclear, and that specific identities and specific roles are not clearly spelled out in the available documentary sources.
- Evident from the text: this article is a documentary synthesis rather than a report of new archaeological excavation or analysis; archaeological remains are referenced as context, but the study’s evidence base is documentary.
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
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- Findingreasoning
The 17th-century residents of Sylvester Manor were a culturally diverse group comprised of Native Manhanset, European settlers, and enslaved Africans.
“The 17th-century residents of Sylvester Manor were a culturally diverse group, comprised of Native Manhanset, European settlers, and enslaved Africans.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“The colonial residents of Shelter Island, New York exemplify this cultural diversity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The available documentary record, despite its European authorship and inherent bias, is sufficient to reconstruct the roles and interactions of Manhanset and African residents at Sylvester Manor.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
- Findingreasoning
Africans, Native Americans, and Europeans interacted daily on Shelter Island as all three groups worked and lived together on this northern plantation.
“Africans, Native Americans, and Europeans interacted daily on Shelter Island as all three groups worked and lived together on this northern plantation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The available documentary record, despite its European authorship and inherent bias, is sufficient to reconstruct the roles and interactions of Manhanset and African residents at Sylvester Manor.
- Findingcitation
The presence of Jaquero, Hannah, and Hope is the earliest reference to Africans on the plantation.
“The presence of this family group is the earliest reference to Africans on the plantation, though Nathaniel's will suggests that he purchased and transported Africans from Barbados to Shelter Island (see below).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Coldham 1984: 165
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- cites Freiberg 1992: 320
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- cites G.B. Sylvester 1685: 1
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- Findingcitation
After hearing Nathaniel Sylvester's plea, the Council of War decided he could pay five hundred pounds sterling in provisions by bond for the interest of his two partners.
“After hearing his plea, the Council of War decided that Nathaniel could pay the sum of five hundred pounds sterling in provisions by bond for the interest of his two partners.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites O'Callaghan 1858 Vol II
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Before the English reconquered New York, a Dutch man-of-war carrying fifty soldiers landed at Sylvester Manor and demanded payment of the bond to the Dutch government.
“Before the English reconquered New York, a Dutch man-of-war carrying fifty soldiers landed at Sylvester Manor and demanded payment of the bond to the Dutch government.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Duvall 1932
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- cites Jaray 1968
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- cites N. Sylvester 1680
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- Findingcitation
The company was granted a petition on November 18, 1675 for four Manhansets and eight other Native Americans from eastern Long Island to man two whaling vessels.
“This company sought and was granted a petition on November 18, 1675 for four Manhansets and eight other Native Americans from eastern Long Island to man two whaling vessels, much to the agitation of Giles Sylvester, son of Nathaniel Sylvester who probably required Native American”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ales 1993
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- cites Matthiessen 1986
- cites Stone 1983
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- Findingcitation
On August 28, 1673, the Dutch governor issued a formal act confiscating the lands, houses, goods, negroes, and effects of Colonel Middleton and the heirs of Constant Sylvester, who were deemed English enemies.
“However, the Dutch governor issued a formal act on August 28, 1673 confiscating the “lands, houses, goods, negroes, and effects of whatever sort they may be” (O'Callaghan 1858 Vol II: 590) of Colonel Middleton and the heirs of the late Constant Sylvester, who were deemed subjects of England and thus enemies of the state.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites O'Callaghan 1858 Vol II
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
The Dutch government granted Nathaniel Sylvester the rights to his share of the island, including his real and personal goods, effects, furniture, and negroes.
“The Dutch government granted Nathaniel Sylvester the rights to his share of the island, including “his real and personal goods, effects and furniture, negroes or whatever else is lawfully belonging to him within this government” (O'Callaghan 1858 Vol II: 589).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites O'Callaghan 1858 Vol II
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
A whaling company owned by Jacob Schallenger, Stephen Hand, and James Loper of Easthampton asked Governor Andros for an exemption of wartime restrictions on local Native Americans who worked on their whaling vessels.
“One whaling company owned by Jacob Schallenger, Stephen Hand, and James Loper of Easthampton asked Governor Andros for an exemption of the wartime restrictions on local Native Americans who worked on their whaling vessels.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ales 1993
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- cites Matthiessen 1986
- cites Stone 1983
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- Findingcitation
Through a Native American interpreter, Fox led a two-hour service to approximately one hundred Manhansets, including the King and his council, during his first week on the island.
“Through a Native American interpreter, this preacher led a two hour service to approximately one hundred Manhansets, including the King and his council during his first week on the island.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fox 1975
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
With King Phillip's War beginning in 1675, the English quickly terminated the possibility that Native Americans on eastern Long Island would join the rebellion.
“With King Phillip's War beginning in 1675, the English quickly terminated the possibility that the Native Americans on eastern Long Island would join the rebellion.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ales 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Matthiessen 1986
- cites Stone 1983
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- Findingcitation
The following spring, the guns of the Manhansets and Montauks were returned after the conclusion of King Phillip's War as wartime restrictions against local Native Americans were lifted.
“The following spring, the guns of the Manhansets and Montauks were returned after the conclusion of King Phillip's War as wartime restrictions against local Native Americans were lifted (Ales 1993: 40, 43-44, 49;Matthiessen 1986: 14;Stone 1983: 248;Strong 1997: 254-255).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ales 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Matthiessen 1986
- cites Stone 1983
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- Findingcitation
Nathaniel Sylvester's inventory, dating to September 22, 1680, listed twenty slaves, eleven claimed personally and nine held in partnership.
“Listed before the livestock, Nathaniel Sylvester's inventory listed twenty slaves, eleven claimed personally and nine held in partnership.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Budd et al. 1680
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Giles Sylvester bequeathed most of his property to friend and neighbor William Nicolls after his death in June 1708.
“Giles Sylvester bequeathed most of his property to friend and neighbor William Nicolls after his death in June 1708.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schwartz and Griswold 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
When the New York court sided with Brinley Sylvester in 1735, he again consolidated a large amount of property on Shelter Island under a single Sylvester proprietor.
“When the New York court sided with Brinley Sylvester in 1735, he again consolidated a large amount of property on Shelter Island under a single Sylvester proprietor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites New York Superior Court 1735
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
The appraisers listed three African men worth forty-five pounds, two women worth thirty pounds, three boys worth thirty pounds, and one girl worth eight pounds as property of the partnership.
“The appraisers also listed three African men worth forty-five pounds, two women worth thirty pounds, three boys worth thirty pounds, and one girl worth eight pounds as property of the partnership.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Budd et al. 1680
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
In 1682, Giles hired seventeen Manhansets, including a man named Sachem, for reaping wheat at the rate of one pound for every three and a half days of labor.
“In 1682, Giles hired seventeen Manhansets, including a man named Sachem, for reaping wheat at the rate of one pound for every three and a half days of labor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites G.Sylvester 1680-1701
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Arnold agreed to pay the estate of Constant Sylvester nine pounds for his share of the division of the Africans once held in partnership.
“Arnold agreed to pay the estate of Constant Sylvester nine pounds for his share of the division of the Africans once held in partnership.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Barck 1926
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Yellow Dutch bricks and ceramic roofing tiles from the original Manor house, along with other domestic trash, were spread across the yard covering the ornamental cobbled surface and other architectural remains, burying the 17th-century facade and refuse of Sylvester Manor.
“Yellow Dutch bricks and ceramic roofing tiles from the original Manor house, along with other domestic trash, were spread across the yard covering the ornamental cobbled surface and other architectural remains, in essence burying the 17th-century facade and refuse of Sylvester Manor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schwartz and Griswold 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
The basis for the court argument was that Nathaniel Sylvester's 1680 Last Will and Testament stated that if any son or heir tried to sell or alienate, he would forfeit all right, title, and interest.
“The basis for their argument was that Nathaniel Sylvester's 1680 Last Will and Testament stated that “in case any one of them [his sons] or theire heirs shall go about to make any such sale or alienation, he so doeing shall for Ever after forfeit and loose all right title and Interest unto the same” (N.Sylvester 1680: 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N.Sylvester 1680
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Twenty-three Africans, consisting of six family groups and one single male, were distributed between Grissell and their eleven children.
“Twenty-three Africans, consisting of six family groups and one single male, were distributed between Grissell and their eleven children (tab.1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N.Sylvester 1680
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Black John, Prescilla, J:o, Marie, and Jenkin were not mentioned in Grissell's will.
“However, Black John, Prescilla, J:o, Marie, and Jenkin were not mentioned and were presumably distributed before her death to her children (G.B.Sylvester 1685: 1-3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites G.B.Sylvester 1685
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Nathaniel Sylvester sold a boy named Tom to James Lloyd and Isaac Arnold for twenty-five pounds.
“On September 11, 1687, Peter Sylvester sold Tammero and Oyou to his brother-in-law James Lloyd of Boston for thirty-eight pounds, Giles Sylvester sold African Tony for twenty pounds to Lloyd on September 20, and Nathaniel sold a boy named Tom to James Lloyd and Isaac Arnold, a cousin, for twenty-five pounds.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N. Sylvester II 1687
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Giles Sylvester utilized three avenues of trade: barter of goods, exchange of labor for merchandise, and promise of future labor to obtain supplies.
“Sylvester utilized three avenues of trade: the barter of goods, the exchange of labor for merchandise, and the promise of future labor to obtain supplies (G.Sylvester 1680Sylvester -1701: 3, 15, 25): 3, 15, 25).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites G.Sylvester 1680-1701
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
On September 11, 1687, Peter Sylvester sold Tammero and Oyou to James Lloyd of Boston for thirty-eight pounds.
“On September 11, 1687, Peter Sylvester sold Tammero and Oyou to his brother-in-law James Lloyd of Boston for thirty-eight pounds, Giles Sylvester sold African Tony for twenty pounds to Lloyd on September 20, and Nathaniel sold a boy named Tom to James Lloyd and Isaac Arnold, a cousin, for twenty-five pounds.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N. Sylvester II 1687
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Nathaniel's five sons and their future heirs were bequeathed Shelter Island and an equal share of stock which they would hold as 'tenants in Common' forever.
“Nathaniel's five sons and their future heirs were bequeathed Shelter Island and an equal share of stock which they would hold as “tenants in Common” forever (N.Sylvester 1680: 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N.Sylvester 1680
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Grissell bequeathed Hope, daughter of Jacquero and Hannah, to her daughter Elizabeth.
“Among her household goods, Grissell bequeathed Hope, daughter of Jacquero and Hannah, to her daughter Elizabeth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites G.B.Sylvester 1685
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
On December 1, 1693, Giles Sylvester leased the dwelling, house, and farm to Edward Downing of Boston for a seven year period.
“On December 1, 1693, Giles Sylvester leased the dwelling, house, and farm to Edward Downing of Boston for a seven year period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sylvester and Downing 1693
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
On March 5, 1698, Nathaniel Sylvester, then a resident of East Hampton, contracted Hanable, a Manhanset Indian, to hunt for wolves and to search the woods, meadows, and marshlands on Sachem's Neck for missing and mired cattle during a six week period starting on March 20.
“On March 5, 1698, Nathaniel Sylvester, then a resident of East Hampton, contracted Hanable, a Manhanset Indian, to hunt for wolves and to search the woods, meadows, and marshlands on Sachem's Neck for missing and mired cattle during a six week period starting on March 20.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N.Sylvester II 1698
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Sylvester proclaimed that neither all nor any part of the land given to his sons shall be sold, alienated, or made away forever or for any term of years by his sons or their heirs.
“Sylvester further proclaimed that “I doe hereby Declare, order and appoint that neither all nor any part of the land hereby given to my sonns or any of them shall be sold alienated, or made away for Ever or any term of years, by my sonns or any of them theire or any of theire heirs” (N.Sylvester 1680: 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N.Sylvester 1680
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
By 1728, an inventory entitled 'A Schedule of Papers' had been compiled of original documents for use in the court case.
“By 1728, an inventory entitled “A Schedule of Papers” had been compiled of original documents for use in the court case (Anonymous 1728: 1; Barck 1926: 219-221, 272-274, 281-82, 292-294, 297-298, 304-306, 342; Brinley 1720: 1; Sanford 1720: 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Anonymous 1728
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Barck 1926
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- cites Brinley 1720
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
In 1695, Giles Sylvester sold two thousand two hundred acres on Sachem's Neck, approximately one-fifth of the entire island, to William Nicoll for five hundred pounds.
“That year, Giles Sylvester sold two thousand two hundred acres on Sachem's Neck, approximately one-fifth of the entire island, to William Nicoll for five hundred pounds.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Duvall 1932
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Mallmann 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Schwartz and Griswold 2000
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- Findingcitation
To settle and finalize their parents' estates, Giles, Peter, and Nathaniel Sylvester sold some of the Africans they were bequeathed from their father's will to other family members.
“To settle and finalize their parents' estates, Giles, Peter, and Nathaniel Sylvester sold some of the Africans they were bequeathed from their father 's will to other family members.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N. Sylvester II 1687
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Nathaniel Sylvester divided his personal property between his wife and eleven children.
“Second, Nathaniel divided his personal property between his wife and eleven children.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N.Sylvester 1680
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Nathaniel Sylvester's 1680 will contained the most explicit information about the African residents during the first thirty years at Sylvester Manor.
“Nathaniel Sylvester's 1680 will contained the most explicit information about the African residents during the first thirty years at Sylvester Manor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N.Sylvester 1680
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
After Nathaniel's death in April 1705, his young son Brinley Sylvester inherited his estate in East Hampton and on Shelter Island.
“After Nathaniel's death in April 1705, his young son Brinley Sylvester inherited his estate in East Hampton and on Shelter Island.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schwartz and Griswold 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
With the death of his brothers Peter in 1696, Constant in 1697, and Benjamin at sea, Giles and Nathaniel jointly owned all the property on Shelter Island.
“With the death of his brothers Peter in 1696, Constant in 1697, and Benjamin at sea, Giles and Nathaniel jointly owned all the property on Shelter Island.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Duvall 1932
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Mallmann 1985
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- cites Schwartz and Griswold 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Sylvester claimed the nine partnership Africans as his own personal property after the bill of sale from the Dutch government.
“However, Sylvester claimed these nine Africans as his own personal property after the bill of sale from the Dutch government (Barck 1926: 115;Budd et al. 1680: 1-3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Barck 1926
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Budd et al. 1680
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
To obtain goods to sell in New England, Brinley Sylvester traded directly with Caribbean merchants and their local agents.
“To obtain goods to sell in New England, Sylvester traded directly with Caribbean merchants and their local agents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bennett 1719
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Two of the most important items Giles Sylvester used to pay for Native American goods and labor were cloth and alcohol.
“Two of the most important items that Giles Sylvester used to pay for Native American goods and labor were cloth and alcohol.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites G.Sylvester 1680-1701
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingnone given
After Nathaniel and Grissell Sylvester's deaths, Giles Sylvester, their eldest son, oversaw the daily operation of Sylvester Manor.
“After Nathaniel and Grissell Sylvester 's deaths, Giles Sylvester, their eldest son, oversaw the daily operation of Sylvester Manor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
As part of the settlement of Nathaniel Sylvester's estate, Isaac Arnold claimed four Africans, Tony, Tammero, Oyou, and Opium, as his payment as Executor on September 26, 1687, totaling eighty-three pounds.
“As part of the settlement of Nathaniel Sylvester's estate, Isaac Arnold subsequently claimed four Africans, Tony, Tammero, Oyou, and Opium as his payment as Executor on September 26, 1687, totaling eighty-three pounds.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Barck 1926
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Three months after his marriage, William Nicolls presented Sylvester with the manor house, its surrounding acreage, and all its appurtenances on Shelter Island, as specified in the 1699 Articles of Agreement between his father Nathaniel Sylvester and uncle Giles Sylvester.
“Three months after his marriage, William Nicolls presented Sylvester with the manor house, its surrounding acreage, and all its appurtenances on Shelter Island, as specified in the 1699 Articles of Agreement between his father Nathaniel Sylvester and uncle Giles Sylvester.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites W. Nicolls 1719
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingcitation
Giles Sylvester sold African Tony for twenty pounds to James Lloyd on September 20, 1687.
“On September 11, 1687, Peter Sylvester sold Tammero and Oyou to his brother-in-law James Lloyd of Boston for thirty-eight pounds, Giles Sylvester sold African Tony for twenty pounds to Lloyd on September 20, and Nathaniel sold a boy named Tom to James Lloyd and Isaac Arnold, a cousin, for twenty-five pounds.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N. Sylvester II 1687
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingreasoning
Beginning in 1717, Brinley Sylvester, with the aid of family members, began to organize a court case to dispute Giles Sylvester's will which bequeathed William Nicolls a large amount of property on Shelter Island.
“Beginning in 1717, Brinley Sylvester, with the aid of family members, began to organize a court case to dispute Giles Sylvester's will which bequeathed William Nicolls a large amount of property on Shelter Island.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Barck 1926
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Brinley 1720
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- cites Sanford 1720
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- Premisecitation
The Peconic Bay, which surrounds Shelter Island, was one of the most important sources of quahog and whelk shells in the region used to produce purple and white wampum beads.
“The Peconic Bay, which surrounds Shelter Island, was one of the most important sources of quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria) and whelk (Busycotypus aruanum and Busycotypus canaliculatum) shells in the region used to produce the purple and white wampum beads.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Strong 1997: 69, 144, 146, 147, 151-54
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
England officially began its quest for colonization in 1635 when Charles I granted William Alexander, the Earl of Stirling, a land patent for the establishment of a permanent colony on Long Island and its adjacent islands.
“England officially began its quest for colonization in 1635 when Charles I granted William Alexander, the Earl of Stirling, a land patent for the establishment of a permanent colony on Long Island and its adjacent islands.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Brodhead 1874: 297
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Farrett 1641: 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Mallmann 1985: 13
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
The Native American inhabitants of eastern Long Island were strategically positioned between Dutch settlers in New Netherland, English settlers in New England, and the Pequots, Narragansetts, Niantics, and other Native American groups in Connecticut during the first half of the 17th century.
“The Native American inhabitants of eastern Long Island were strategically positioned between Dutch settlers in New Netherland, English settlers in New England, and the Pequots, Narragansetts, Niantics, and other Native American groups in Connecticut during the first half of the 17th century.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Strong 1997: 154-58
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
Native American sachems on eastern Long Island decided to form an alliance with the English for their future security and protection, instead of allying with the Dutch or Narragansetts.
“Native American sachems on eastern Long Island decided to form an alliance with the English for their future security and protection, instead of allying with the Dutch or Narragansetts (Ales 1993: 15-16;Strong 1997: 158).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ales 1993: 15-16
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Strong 1997: 158
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
On May 29, 1637, three days after the massacre of an estimated eight hundred Native Americans at a Pequot village near Mystic, Connecticut, the sachems of Long Island terminated their tributary status to the Pequots.
“On May 29, 1637, three days after the massacre of an estimated eight hundred Native Americans at a Pequot village near Mystic, Connecticut, the sachems of Long Island terminated their tributary status to the Pequots.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ales 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Strong 1997: 156
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
In July 1637, Youghco and Wyandanch approached Israel Stoughton, a captain in the Massachusetts Bay militia, again requesting an alliance with the English.
“In July 1637, Youghco and Wyandanch approached Israel Stoughton, a captain in the Massachusetts Bay militia, again requesting an alliance with the English.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ales 1993: 15-16
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Strong 1997: 158
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
The groups on eastern Long Island became closely connected through language, kinship, and cultural traditions to Pequot communities in Connecticut.
“Thus, the groups on eastern Long Island became closely connected through language, kinship, and cultural traditions to Pequot communities in Connecticut (Ales 1993;Strong 1997: 147, 154;Witek 1990: 42-44, 46).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ales 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Strong 1997: 147, 154
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Witek 1990: 42-44, 46
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisereasoning
The Pequots controlled coastal trade networks to obtain European goods.
“The Pequots therefore controlled coastal trade networks to obtain European goods.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Strong 1997: 69, 144, 146, 147, 151-54
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The English used this alliance with Native American groups to strengthen their claim to Long Island.
“The English used this alliance with Native American groups to likewise strengthen their claim to Long Island.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Around 1600, the Pequots of southern Connecticut expanded to subjugate the Manhansets and other communities on eastern Long Island, including the Shinnecock, Montauk, and Corchaug Indians, to tributary status.
“Around 1600, the Pequots of southern Connecticut expanded to subjugate the Manhansets and other communities on eastern Long Island, including the Shinnecock, Montauk, and Corchaug Indians, to tributary status.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ales 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Strong 1997: 147, 154
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Witek 1990: 42-44, 46
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
European diseases such as smallpox, typhus, influenza, and measles greatly decreased the Native American population on Long Island.
“European diseases, such as smallpox, typhus, influenza, and measles, greatly decreased the Native American population on Long Island.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ales 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Strong 1997: 147, 154
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Witek 1990: 42-44, 46
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
On July 8, 1672, the New York Court at Fort James granted Nathaniel Sylvester's petition for constabulary powers to arrest unruly Native Americans on Shelter Island.
“On July 8, 1672, the New York Court at Fort James granted Nathaniel Sylvester's petition for constabulary powers to arrest unruly Native Americans on Shelter Island.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites O'Callaghan 1858 Vol.XIV: 671
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Grissell Brinley brought three enslaved Africans: Jaquero, his wife Hannah, and their daughter, Hope, to Sylvester Manor.
“Grissell brought among her personal items three enslaved Africans: Jaquero, his wife Hannah, and their daughter, Hope, to Sylvester Manor.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Coldham 1984: 165
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Freiberg 1992: 320
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites G.B. Sylvester 1685: 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Youghco sent Cockenoe to complain to the United Colonies on September 2, 1652 that Thomas Middleton and his agents were trying to evict him from his island.
“Youghco sent Cockenoe, a local Native American interpreter who understood the English political system, 6 to complain to the United Colonies on September 2, 1652 that Thomas Middleton and his agents were trying to evict him from his island.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ales 1993: 25, 32
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Mallmann 1985: preface, 16-17, 24
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
Through this arrangement, the English commissioners gained the exclusive purchase rights from Native Americans for land on eastern Long Island.
“Through this arrangement, the English commissioners gained the exclusive purchase rights from Native Americans for land on eastern Long Island (Strong 1997: 171, 184-85;Strong 1994: 563).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Strong 1997: 171, 184-85
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Strong 1994: 563 source
- Interpretationreasoning
The suspension in trade of liquor, powder, and lead and the confiscation of canoes on Long Island Sound kept local Native American tribes isolated from any influence in Connecticut.
“The suspension in trade of liquor, powder, and lead and the confiscation of canoes on the Long Island Sound kept local Native American tribes isolated from any influence in Connecticut.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
In September 1644, Youghco, Wyandanch, and two other sachems from eastern Long Island appeared before the second annual meeting of the United Colonies in Hartford to reconfirm their position as English tributaries.
“In September 1644, Youghco, Wyandanch, and two other sachems from eastern Long Island appeared before the second annual meeting of the United Colonies in Hartford to reconfirm their position as English tributaries.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ales 1993: 18
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Alcohol was a regular method of payment for furs, labor, and other services that the Manhansets provided.
“Alcohol was a regular method of payment for furs, labor, and other services that the Manhansets provided.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Mancall 1995: 66, 41, 43
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites O'Callaghan 1858, Vol XIV: 713
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
The Native Americans on Paumanack maintained contact with the Dutch even after their arrangement with the English.
“The Native Americans on Paumanack also maintained contact with the Dutch, however, even after their arrangement with the English.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ales 1993: 20
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Strong 1997: 187, 192
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
James Farrett, Stirling's appointed agent in New England, could only sell the right to buy property because the land also had to be purchased from local Native American groups.
“James Farrett, Stirling's appointed agent in New England, could only sell the right to buy property because the land also had to be purchased from local Native American groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Brodhead 1874: 297
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Farrett 1641: 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Mallmann 1985: 13
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
A later document, dated March 23, 1653, confirmed that the Manhanset sachem Youghco gave Captain Nathaniel Sylvester and Ensigne John Booth full possession of the island for the four partners.
“A later document, dated March 23, 1653, confirmed that the Manhanset sachem Youghco gave Captain Nathaniel Sylvester and Ensigne John Booth full possession of the island for the four partners.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mallmann 1985: 17
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
In 1648, Youghco and three other sachems sold thirty thousand acres lying east of Southampton for goods estimated to be worth thirty pounds.
“In 1648, Youghco and three other sachems sold thirty thousand acres lying east of Southampton for goods estimated to be worth thirty pounds.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Strong 1997: 193-196, 300-301
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
On June 9, 1651, Stephen Goodyear sold Shelter Island and Robin's Island to the partnership of Thomas Middleton, Thomas Rouse, Constant Sylvester, and Nathaniel Sylvester for sixteen hundred pounds of good Muscovado sugar.
“On June 9, 1651, Stephen Goodyear sold Shelter Island and Robin's Island to the partnership of Thomas Middleton, Thomas Rouse, Constant Sylvester, and Nathaniel Sylvester for sixteen hundred pounds of good Muscovado sugar.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Smith 1998: 38, 43-44
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Strong 1997: 202
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
Youghco and the other sachems of eastern Long Island wanted to form alliances with both the English and Dutch for trading purposes and military protection.
“It appeared that Youghco and the other sachems of eastern Long Island wanted to form alliances with both the English and Dutch for trading purposes and military protection.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ales 1993: 20
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Strong 1997: 187, 192
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Wyandanch died from an apparent poisoning in the second half of 1659.
“Wyandanch died from an apparent poisoning in the second half of the year.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ales 1993: 32
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Constant Sylvester had previously sent slaves from his two Bajan plantations, Constant and Carmichael, to Shelter Island with other supplies.
“Constant Sylvester had previously sent slaves from his two Bajan plantations, Constant and Carmichael, to Shelter Island with other supplies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wortis 1974: 3-6
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
With an increasing dependence on European goods, Native Americans became further incorporated into the European labor system after 1659, often as whalers, domestics, unskilled laborers, and guides.
“With an increasing dependence on European goods, Native Americans became further incorporated into the European labor system after this date, often as whalers, domestics, unskilled laborers, and guides (Ales 1993: 35;Strong 1994: 565;Strong 1997: 233-35, 237).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ales 1993: 35
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Strong 1994: 565 source
- cites Strong 1997: 233-35, 237
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
On May 3, 1639, Youghco and his wife, Aswaw, sold Manchonat, an uninhabited island at the mouth of the Peconic Bay, to Lion Gardiner for ten coats of trading cloth.
“On May 3, 1639, Youghco and his wife, Aswaw, sold Manchonat,foot_4 an uninhabited island at the mouth of the Peconic Bay, to Lion Gardiner for ten coats of trading cloth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ales 1993: 17
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Dyson 1960: 29
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Mallmann 1985: 12
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
Within two years, Eaton had secured almost the entire north and south forks of Paumanack for the English.
“Within two years, Eaton had secured almost the entire north and south forks of Paumanack for the English (Strong 1997: 193-196, 300-301).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Strong 1997: 193-196, 300-301
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Youghco and three of his elders received payment for the island on December 27, 1652.
“Though no documentation of the commissioners' findings survives, Youghco and three of his elders, Actoncocween, Captain Yowoconogus, and Sonquoquoequahesick, received payment for the island on December 27, 1652.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ales 1993: 25, 32
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Mallmann 1985: preface, 16-17, 24
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Nathaniel Sylvester was the sole partner to relocate permanently to Shelter Island.
“Of the four men, Nathaniel Sylvester, younger brother of Constant, was the sole partner to relocate permanently to Shelter Island (Smith 1998: 38, 43-44;Strong 1997: 202).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Smith 1998: 38, 43-44
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Strong 1997: 202
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
The use and periodic abuse of alcoholic beverages further contributed to the weakened position of Native Americans on eastern Long Island.
“The use and periodic abuse of alcoholic beverages further contributed to the weakened position of Native Americans on eastern Long Island.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Mancall 1995: 66, 41, 43
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites O'Callaghan 1858, Vol XIV: 713
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Scholars can no longer view these cultural groups as homogenous and distinct because they were all sharing the same social space.
“Scholars can no longer view these cultural groups as homogenous and distinct as they were all sharing the same social space.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Sylvester Manor appears to have continued to function as a fully-developed farm which utilized a large labor force at the end of the 17th century.
“While the document contained no reference to Native American or African laborers, Sylvester Manor appears to have continued to function as a fully-developed farm which utilized a large labor force at the end of the 17th century.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sylvester and Downing 1693
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationnone given
A combination of archaeological evidence and documentary research has begun to unravel the interactions of Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans on Shelter Island, New York during the colonial period.
“A combination of archaeological evidence and documentary research has begun to unravel the interactions of Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans on Shelter Island, New York during the colonial period.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Giles Sylvester lost his interest in the property on Shelter Island when he bequeathed his land to William Nicolls in 1708.
“Therefore, Giles Sylvester lost his interest in the property on Shelter Island when he bequeathed his land to William Nicolls in 1708.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N.Sylvester 1680
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
Nathaniel Sylvester wanted Shelter Island to remain solely in the possession of his descendants.
“Evidently, Nathaniel Sylvester wanted Shelter Island to remain solely in the possession of his descendants (N.Sylvester 1680: 1-5; Torrey 1985: 469).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites N.Sylvester 1680
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Torrey 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Grissell must have left Black John to one of her sons before her death because he was absent from her will.
“However, Grissell must have left this gentleman to one of her sons before her death as he was absent in her will.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites G.B.Sylvester 1685
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
Black John, Prescilla, J:o, Marie, and Jenkin were presumably distributed before Grissell's death to her children.
“However, Black John, Prescilla, J:o, Marie, and Jenkin were not mentioned and were presumably distributed before her death to her children (G.B.Sylvester 1685: 1-3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites G.B.Sylvester 1685
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The death of Nathaniel Sylvester in 1680 signaled the end of sole proprietorship of Shelter Island.
“The death of Nathaniel Sylvester in 1680 signaled the end of sole proprietorship of Shelter Island.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Other Africans possibly once belonging to Nathaniel and Grissell Sylvester, particularly Tony, Prescilla, Grace, and Hope, were listed as Southold residents in the 1698 census.
“Other Africans possibly once belonging to Nathaniel and Grissell Sylvester, particularly Tony, Prescilla, Grace, and Hope, were listed as Southold residents in the 1698 census 11 (Barck 1926: 109, 110, 115;O'Callaghan 1979: 51;N. Sylvester II 1687: 1;Wortis 1978: 22-23).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Barck 1926
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites O'Callaghan 1979
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Wortis 1978
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 44
- Probably not a substantial claim. 16
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationStanton discovered that Youghco had kept Wyandanch's promise and was not sheltering Pequot refugees on the island.
“Stanton discovered that Youghco had kept Wyandanch's promise and was not sheltering Pequot refugees on the island (Ales 1993: 14;Gardiner 1980: 137-38;Strong 1997: 156).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ales 1993: 14
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Gardiner 1980: 137-38
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Strong 1997: 156
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationGuns were returned to local Native American groups that September, except the Manhansets and Montauks because they had paid tribute to Ninigret a few years earlier.
“Guns were returned to the local Native American groups that September, with the exception of the Manhansets and Montauks because they had paid tribute to Ninigret a few years earlier.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ales 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Matthiessen 1986
- cites Stone 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationGovernor Andros ordered that neither alcohol, guns, nor ammunition were to be sold to Native Americans, that all Indians be disarmed and remain in their own villages, and that all canoes on the north shore be secured by local town officials.
“Governor Andros ordered that neither alcohol, guns, nor ammunition were to be sold to Native Americans, that all Indians be disarmed and remain in their own villages, and that all canoes on the north shore be secured by local town officials.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ales 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Matthiessen 1986
- cites Stone 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationBefore Fox's departure, meetings were arranged with the Manhansets every two weeks, and Joshua Sylvester was scheduled to read Scriptures to them.
“Before Fox's departure, meetings were arranged with the Manhansets for every two weeks and Joshua Sylvester, Nathaniel's brother, was scheduled to read Scriptures to them (Fox 1975: 128-129;Penney 1911: 224-25).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Fox 1975
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Penney 1911
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationThe Manhansets were described as sitting 'down like Friends' and confessed that Fox spoke the truth.
“The Manhansets were described as sitting “down like Friends” (Fox 1975: 128) and confessed that he spoke the truth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fox 1975
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationGeorge Fox arrived on Shelter Island after a three-day voyage from Rhode Island and led a meeting the following day.
“Fox arrived on Shelter Island after a three day voyage from Rhode Island and led a meeting the following day.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fox 1975
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationUnder the Dutch government, Nathaniel Sylvester acquired all interest, right, title and propriety of Thomas Middleton and the heirs of Constant Sylvester and consolidated Shelter Island under one proprietor.
“Under the Dutch government, Nathaniel Sylvester acquired “all interest, right, title and propriety” (O'Callaghan 1858 Vol II: 590) of Thomas Middleton and the heirs of Constant Sylvester and consolidated Shelter Island under one proprietor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites O'Callaghan 1858 Vol II
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationNathaniel Sylvester offered his submission to the Council of War of New Netherlands on August 25, 1673 and requested verification of former freedoms granted to him and his island.
“Nathaniel Sylvester offered his submission to the Council of War of New Netherlands on August 25, 1673 and requested verification of former freedoms granted to him and his island.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites O'Callaghan 1858 Vol II
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationIndividually, Nathaniel claimed three African men worth sixty pounds, three women worth forty-five pounds, and five girls worth forty pounds.
“Individually, Nathaniel claimed three African men with an estimated worth of sixty pounds, three women worth forty-five pounds, and five girls worth forty pounds.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Budd et al. 1680
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationGrissell was given two family groups, including Black John and his daughter Prescilla and J:O and Maria his wife, along with the single male Jenkin.
“Grissell was given two family groups, including Black John and his daughter Prescilla and J:O and Maria his wife, along with the single male Jenkin.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N.Sylvester 1680
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
FindingcitationGrissell Sylvester continued to live on Shelter Island until her death in 1685.
“Nathaniel Sylvester 's wife Grissell continued to live on Shelter Island until her death in 1685.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites G.B.Sylvester 1685
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationJaquero, Hannah, and their daughter Hope were brought by Grissell to Shelter Island and were in addition to the Africans named in Nathaniel's will.
“These individuals are in addition to Jaquero, Hannah, and their daughter Hope, whom Grissell had brought with her to Shelter Island (Budd et al. 1680: 1-3; N. Sylvester 1680: 1-5).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Budd et al. 1680
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites N. Sylvester 1680
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationThe original house and other outbuildings were dismantled to reinforce a new Georgian landscape complete with a new symmetrical house, completed in 1733.
“The original house and other outbuildings were dismantled to reinforce a new Georgian landscape complete with a new symmetrical house, completed in 1733.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schwartz and Griswold 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationIn his 1680 Last Will and Testament, Nathaniel Sylvester declared that he was the sole proprietor of Shelter and Robin's Islands and claimed ownership of most stock previously held in partnership.
“First, Sylvester declared that he was the sole proprietor of Shelter and Robin's Islands and claimed ownership of most stock previously held in partnership.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N.Sylvester 1680
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
FindingcitationGrissell's May 7, 1685 will divided her personal property from her 1653 jointure of one hundred pounds per annum among her eleven children.
“Her May 7, 1685 will (fig.2) divided her personal property from her 1653 jointure of one hundred pounds per annum among her eleven children.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites G.B.Sylvester 1685
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
FindingcitationIf Hanable failed to locate all the livestock, he agreed to pay his employer ten pounds sterling.
“If Hanable failed to locate all the livestock, he agreed to pay his employer ten pounds sterling.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N.Sylvester II 1698
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationJacquero and Hannah were given to Grissell's five unmarried daughters, reverting to Giles Sylvester after their marriages.
“Jacquero and Hannah were given to her five unmarried daughters, reverting to Giles Sylvester after their marriages.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites G.B.Sylvester 1685
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
FindingcitationA May 14, 1719 letter confirmed that Brinley Sylvester owed Colonel George Bennett of Jamaica money for a shipment of rum, molasses, and negros.
“For example, a May 14, 1719 letter confirmed that Sylvester owed Colonel George Bennett of Jamaica money for a shipment of rum, molasses, and negros.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bennett 1719
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationBeginning in 1695, Giles Sylvester began to sell sections of his property on Shelter Island to non-family members, dividing the former Sylvester estate.
“Beginning in 1695, Giles Sylvester began to sell sections of his property on Shelter Island to non-family members, dividing the former Sylvester estate.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Duvall 1932
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Mallmann 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Schwartz and Griswold 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationBrinley Sylvester managed the farm on Shelter Island and continued his mercantile business in Newport.
“Maintaining his family commercial activities, Brinley managed the farm on Shelter Island and continued his mercantile business in Newport.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mallmann 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
FindingcitationBrinley Sylvester, resident of Newport, Rhode Island, married Mary Burroughs in Southold on December 2, 1718.
“Brinley Sylvester, resident of Newport, Rhode Island, married Mary Burroughs in Southold on December 2, 1718.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schwartz and Griswold 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationThe current two hundred and forty acres of Sylvester Manor have remained in the possession of descendants of Nathaniel Sylvester with little alterations to Brinley Sylvester's Georgian facade and landscape.
“The current two hundred and forty acres of Sylvester Manor have remained in the possession of descendants of Nathaniel Sylvester with little alterations to Brinley Sylvester 's Georgian facade and landscape (New York Superior Court 1735: 14-17).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites New York Superior Court 1735
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationMost workers listed in Giles Sylvester's account book were credited with one shilling for a day's work at Sylvester Manor, except on several instances when Harry, Calo, and Wiamoxon were paid lesser amounts.
“Most of those listed in the account book were credited with one shilling for a day's work at Sylvester Manor, except on several instances when Harry, Calo, and Wiamoxon were paid lesser amounts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites G.Sylvester 1680-1701
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationNathaniel Sylvester chose not to separate husbands and wives but did bequeath children to different family members.
“Listed in family groups of husband, wife, and children, Nathaniel Sylvester chose not to separate husbands and wives but did bequeath children to different family members.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N.Sylvester 1680
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationBlack John was mentioned in Nathaniel Sylvester's 1680 will and was bequeathed to Grissell Sylvester.
“This African was mentioned in Nathaniel Sylvester's 1680 will and was bequeathed to Grissell Sylvester.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N. Sylvester 1680
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationHanable received six royalls (approximately two pounds sterling) at the signing of the contract and would obtain an additional six royalls at the end of the six weeks.
“Hanable received six royalls (approximately two pounds sterling) at the signing of the contract and would obtain an additional six royalls at the end of the six weeks.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N.Sylvester II 1698
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationGiles Sylvester's account book with excerpts from 1680, 1682, 1687-89, 1692, and 1701 documented numerous exchanges with at least fifty individuals, some of whose names suggest they were local Native Americans, including four women, and one African man.
“Giles Sylvester's account book with excerpts from 1680, 1682, 1687-89, 1692, and 1701 documented numerous exchanges with at least fifty individuals, some of whose names suggest they were local Native Americans, including four women, and one African man.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites G.Sylvester 1680-1701
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationBoth the Dutch and English adopted wampum as currency during the 17th century and the center of its production was focused along the shores of eastern Long Island.
“Both the Dutch and English adopted wampum as currency during the 17th century and the center of its production was focused along the shores of eastern Long Island (Strong 1997: 69, 144, 146, 147, 151-54).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Strong 1997: 69, 144, 146, 147, 151-54
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe Pequot War resulted in 1637 and decimated the Native American population in Connecticut for two years.
“When the Pequots refused to comply with their demands, the Pequot War resulted in 1637 and decimated the Native American population in Connecticut for two years (Strong 1997: 154-58).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Strong 1997: 154-58
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe sachems agreed to become tributaries of the English and shelter no Pequot refugees.
“The sachems agreed to become tributaries of the English and shelter no Pequot refugees.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ales 1993: 15-16
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Strong 1997: 158
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
InterpretationreasoningThe close living conditions and daily interactions on Shelter Island create a unique situation in which to study cultural plurality.
“The close living conditions and daily interactions on Shelter Island create a unique situation in which to study cultural plurality.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationA major smallpox epidemic began and continued through 1664, killing an estimated two-thirds of the existing Algonquian population.
“Furthermore, a major smallpox epidemic began and continued through 1664, killing an estimated two-thirds of the existing Algonquian population.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ales 1993: 35
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Strong 1994: 565 source
- cites Strong 1997: 233-35, 237
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
InterpretationreasoningThe incorporation of Shelter Island into the new colony of New York directly affected the methods in which Nathaniel Sylvester had previously obtained enslaved Africans.
“The incorporation of Shelter Island into the new colony of New York directly affected the methods in which Nathaniel Sylvester had previously obtained enslaved Africans.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe Manhansets were denied the right to hold powwows or other religious celebrations where large groups would congregate, forbidden to sell land without the approval of the governor, and allowed trade only with licensed Europeans for furs, weapons, gunpowder, and alcohol.
“The Manhansets were denied the right to hold powwows or other religious celebrations where large groups would congregate, forbidden to sell land without the approval of the governor, and allowed trade only with licensed Europeans for furs, weapons, gunpowder, and alcohol (Ales 1993: 39-40;Dyson 1960: 23-24;Stone 1983: 78-79;Strong 1994: 567-569;Wortis 1974: 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ales 1993: 39-40
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Dyson 1960: 23-24
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Stone 1983: 78-79
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationConstant Sylvester, Middleton, and Rouse were Bajan sugar planters who were heavily fined and banished from Barbados in 1650 as disturbers of the peace due to their refusal to acknowledge Charles II.
“Constant Sylvester, Middleton, and Rouse were Bajan sugar planters who were heavily fined and banished from Barbados in 1650 as “disturbers of the Peace of the Island” (Smith 1998: 43) due to their refusal to acknowledge Charles II.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Smith 1998: 43
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe isolation policy adversely affected the economic prosperity of eastern Long Island because whaling companies had relied on Native American men for labor during winter months since the mid-17th century.
“However, this isolation policy adversely affected the economic prosperity of eastern Long Island because whaling companies had relied on Native American men for labor during the winter months since the mid-17th century.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe colonial government acknowledged that the presence of the Manhansets on Shelter Island was strictly a courtesy of Nathaniel Sylvester, as Sylvester permitted only Ambusco, late Sachem of Southold, and his family to emigrate to Shelter Island.
“The colonial government acknowledged that the presence of the Manhansets on Shelter Island was strictly a courtesy of Nathaniel Sylvester as Sylvester permitted only Ambusco, late Sachem of Southold, and his family to emigrate to Shelter Island (O'Callaghan 1858 Vol.XIV: 670-71, 703; Witek 1992: 175).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites O'Callaghan 1858 Vol.XIV: 670-71, 703
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Witek 1992: 175
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationIn 1673 the Dutch reconquered New York and placed Long Island under Holland's control.
“Political uncertainty again ensued in 1673 when the Dutch reconquered New York and once more placed Long Island under Holland's control.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites O'Callaghan 1858 Vol II
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationCockenoe argued that the four partners held a fraudulent title of ownership because neither James Farrett nor Stephen Goodyear had paid the Manhansets for the island.
“Cockenoe argued that the four partners held a fraudulent title of ownership because neither James Farrett nor Stephen Goodyear had paid the Manhansets for the island.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ales 1993: 25, 32
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Mallmann 1985: preface, 16-17, 24
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe Duke's Laws established a government in New York and further limited the actions of Native Americans.
“This set of stipulations established a government in New York and further limited the actions of Native Americans.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Ales 1993: 39-40
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Dyson 1960: 23-24
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Stone 1983: 78-79
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationNathaniel Sylvester most likely relied on a combination of enslaved Africans, indentured servants, and local Native Americans to provide labor, and these workers filled diverse roles necessary for the daily operation of the plantation.
“What seems most likely is that Nathaniel Sylvester relied on a combination of enslaved Africans, indentured servants, and local Native Americans to provide labor and that these workers filled diverse roles necessary for the daily operation of the plantation (Coldham 1984: 165;Freiberg 1992: 320; G.B. Sylvester 1685: 1; Horsford 1915: 3; N. Sylvester 1680: 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Coldham 1984: 165
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Freiberg 1992: 320
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites G.B. Sylvester 1685: 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationIn 1669, individuals within the Montauk and Manhanset tribes rebelled against their leadership and sought assistance from Ninigret, the Niantic sachem.
“In response to pressures from the English to purchase more Native American land, individuals within the Montauk and Manhanset tribes rebelled against their leadership and sought assistance from Ninigret, the Niantic sachem.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ales 1993: 47-48
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Strong 1997: 250
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThese developments were major factors that led to a decline in Native American sovereignty, changes in their traditional ways of life, and a transformation in labor relations with Europeans in the latter half of the 17th century.
“These developments were major factors that led to a decline in Native American sovereignty, changes in their traditional ways of life, and a transformation in labor relations with Europeans in the latter half of the 17th century.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationNative Americans infused alcohol into their celebrations and mourning rituals, but the liquid also became a method in which they dealt with the transformation of their society.
“Native Americans infused alcohol into their celebrations and mourning rituals, but the liquid also became a method in which they dealt with the transformation of their society.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Mancall 1995: 66, 41, 43
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites O'Callaghan 1858, Vol XIV: 713
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationIn 1666, Governor Nicolls granted manorial rights to Nathaniel and Constant Sylvester and exempted them from all taxes and military assessments, other than for the defense of their island from foreign invasion or Native American disturbance.
“With a payment of one hundred and fifty pounds paid in beef and pork on May 25, 1666, Governor Nicolls granted manorial rights to Nathaniel and Constant Sylvester and exempted them from all taxes and military assessments, other than for the defense of their island from foreign invasion or Native American disturbance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Dyson 1960: 17
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Mallmann 1985: 26-27
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Maro 1666: 1
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningGiles Sylvester, son of Nathaniel, was agitated by the whaling petition and probably required Native American labor for Sylvester Manor.
“much to the agitation of Giles Sylvester, son of Nathaniel Sylvester who probably required Native American”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationGiles Sylvester's account book detailed his dependence on Native Americans for labor and their reliance on him for certain goods.
“This book detailed Giles's dependence on Native Americans for labor for a variety of activities and recorded their reliance on him for certain goods.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites G.Sylvester 1680-1701
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe importance of Africans and Native Americans in colonial society remains untold due to the lack of documentary evidence and the inherent bias of existing records, but surviving colonial documents from Sylvester Manor are beginning to add a new perspective to their roles in early American history.
“Their importance in colonial society remains untold due to the lack of documentary evidence and the inherent bias of those records that do exist, but the surviving colonial documents from this northern plantation are beginning to add a new perspective to their roles in early American history.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationBrinley Sylvester became the young heir to the Sylvester property on Shelter Island, and his interests were managed until he came of age.
“Therefore, Brinley Sylvester became the young heir to the Sylvester property on Shelter Island, and his interests were managed until he came of age (Schwartz and Griswold 2000: 12).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schwartz and Griswold 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningScholarly research on Shelter Island is beginning to detail the complex nature of colonial life, particularly the integral roles that Africans and Native Americans played at Sylvester Manor.
“Scholarly research on Shelter Island is beginning to detail the complex nature of colonial life, particularly the integral roles that Africans and Native Americans played at Sylvester Manor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningAs Sachem's Neck was now the property of William Nicolls, Nathaniel Sylvester was probably retrieving all his livestock from this section of the island.
“As this land was now the property of William Nicolls, Nathaniel Sylvester was probably retrieving all his livestock from this section of the island.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites N.Sylvester II 1698
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
InterpretationreasoningBecause many activities were unspecified in the account book, these workers could have undertaken other tasks that did not pay the standard amount.
“As many activities were unspecified in the account book, these workers could have undertaken other tasks that did not pay the standard amount.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites G.Sylvester 1680-1701
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationHanable only earned about three shillings a day but ran the risk of a debt twice his salary for the six weeks labor.
“This Native American only earned about three shillings a day but ran the risk of a debt twice his salary for the six weeks labor (N.Sylvester II 1698: 1; Strong 1997: 284).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites N.Sylvester II 1698
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Strong 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationOpium lived many years with the Lloyd Family of Lloyd's Neck and could have been one of the unnamed sons of Tammero and Oyou, bequeathed to brothers Constant and Benjamin.
“Opium lived many years with the Lloyd Family of Lloyd's Neck and could have been one of the unnamed sons of Tammero and Oyou, bequeathed to brothers Constant and Benjamin.10”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Barck 1926
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationcitationNathaniel Sylvester's declaration of sole proprietorship was the result of Constant Sylvester's unpaid debts since 1652 and Nathaniel's payment to the Dutch government for the interests of Thomas Middleton and the heirs of Constant Sylvester in 1673.
“This declaration was the result of Constant Sylvester's unpaid debts since 1652 and Nathaniel's payment to the Dutch government for the interests of Thomas Middleton and the heirs of Constant Sylvester in 1673.9”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The available documentary record, despite its European authorship and inherent bias, is sufficient to reconstruct the roles and interactions of Manhanset and African residents at Sylvester Manor.
“Information about their interactions has been primarily recovered from documentary evidence, overwhelming composed by European colonists.A lack of historical documentation and inherent bias of those records has resulted in limited scholarship about the significant roles that non-European groups played in colonial history.”
“The primary documents detailed below, dating from the 1650s to the present, can be located at New York University, the Shelter Island Historical Society, the East Hampton Library, and other repositories throughout New York.These documents”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Hanable's potential debt was not twice his pay
MinorHanable was to receive approximately two pounds at signing and the same amount after six weeks, for approximately four pounds total. A ten-pound debt would be about two and a half times that pay, not twice it.
Reported 10 · recomputed 8
“Hanable received six royalls (approximately two pounds sterling) at the signing of the contract and would obtain an additional six royalls at the end of the six weeks.If Hanable failed to locate all the livestock, he agreed to pay his employer ten pounds sterling.This Native American only earned about three shillings a day but ran the risk of a debt twice his salary for the six weeks labor”
Court findings are dated both 1735 and 1753
MinorThe account places the New York court's decision in 1735, while the cited reference describes the court findings as occurring in August 1753.
“When the New York court sided with Brinley Sylvester in 1735, he again consolidated a large amount of property on Shelter Island under a single Sylvester proprietor.”
“New York Superior Court 1735 Court Findings of Brinley Sylvester vs. William Nicoll in August 1753.”
Horse Neck confirmation has two May 1658 dates
MinorThe narrative dates Andrews's confirming deed from Wyandanch to May 4, 1658, whereas the figure caption dates the Horse Neck deed confirmation to May 14, 1658.
“Andrews traveled to Nathaniel Sylvester's home on Shelter Island to get the confirming deed from Wyandanch on May 4, 1658 before the arrival of the town representative (fig. 1)”
“Confirmation of an Indian Deed for Horse Neck, 1658, 14 May 1658.”
Citations
Cites
Deadly medicine: Indians and alcohol in early America
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-2947 · Cited by 89
The Relations of Negroes and Indians in Massachusetts
Woodson, C. G. (1920) · The Journal of Negro History · doi:10.2307/2713501 · Cited by 34
Deadly Medicine: Indians and Alcohol in Early America.
Dowd, G. E., & Mancall, P. C. (1996) · The William and Mary Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2947147 · Cited by 22
The Indian Place Names on Long Island and Islands Adjacent with Their Probable Significations
Brown, R. M., Tooker, W. W., & Chamberlain, A. G. (1914) · Bulletin of the American Geographical Society · doi:10.2307/201314 · Cited by 12
Lightfoot, K. J. (1987) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 12
Siminoff, F. R. (2022) · New York University Press eBooks · doi:10.18574/nyu/9780814786727.001.0001 · Cited by 12
Morison, S. E., & Calder, I. M. (1935) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.1086/ahr/41.1.155 · Cited by 10
Tooker, W. W. (2007) · University of Michigan Library Repository · Cited by 5
New England marriages prior to 1700
Torrey, C. A., Roberts, G. B., & Bentley, E. P. (1971) · Cited by 3
Goodfriend, J. D. (2005) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.1086/ahr.110.5.1524 · Cited by 3
The Imposition of Colonial Jurisdiction over the Montauk Indians of Long Island
Strong, J. A. (1994) · Ethnohistory · doi:10.2307/482766 · Cited by 2
Woodson, C. G., & Columbia College (2017) · CARLI Digital Collections (Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois) · Cited by 2
The Shinnecock Indians: A Culture History
Becker, M. J., & Stone, G. (1984) · Cited by 1
(1986)
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Ales, Marion Fisher 1993 History of the Indians on Montauk, Long Island. M.A. Thesis, New York University. Reprinted in The History and Archaeology of the Montauk, Volume 3 of Readings In Long Island Archaeology And Ethnohistory, ed. by Gaynell Stone, 4-66. Second Edition. Suffolk County Archaeological Association, Stony Brook. Anonymous 1728 A Schedule of Papers. Sylvester Manor Archive, Database #11, Scan # 00008_11a-b_1727, circa?.tif, Shipping Box #42. Bobst Library, New York University.
- Fox, George 1975 A Journal or Historical Account of the Life, Travels, Sufferings, Christian Experiences, And Labour of Love In the Work of the Ministry of That Ancient Eminent and Faithful Servant of Jesus Christ, George Fox. Volume II, Reprint. AMS Press, New York.
- Penney, Norman, ed. 1911 The Journal of George Fox. Volume II. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Smith, Frederick 1998 Disturbing the Peace: Constant Silvester in Barbados. Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society 44: 38-53.
- Witek, John Charles 1990 An Outline of The Aboriginal Archaeology Of Shelter Island, New York. Bulletin of The Archaeological Society of Connecticut 53: 39-57. 1992 The Lives and Identities of the Indians of Shelter Island, 1652-1835. Long Island Historical Journal 4(2): 173-184.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Occulting the past. Conceptualizing forgetting in the history and archaeology of Sylvester Manor
Hayes, K. H. (2011) · Archaeological Dialogues · doi:10.1017/s1380203811000262 · Cited by 15
Labor and Agricultural Production at Sylvester Manor Plantation, Shelter Island, New York
Trigg, H. B., & Landon, D. B. (2010) · Historical Archaeology · doi:10.1007/bf03376802 · Cited by 10
Indians, Africans, and Europeans
Hayes, K. H., Mrozowski, S., Landon, D. B., & Trigg, H. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199562350.013.24
Christoffersen, S., & Dress, A. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.64252/32d7yc30
Metadata
- Authors
- Priddy, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Buffalo State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Priddy, Katherine Lee
- Venue
- Northeast Historical Archaeology
- Publisher
- Binghamton University
- Published
- 2007
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 16-33
- ISSN
- 0048-0738 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1524961109
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Northeast Historical Archaeology (publishedVersion)
- The Open Repository - Binghamton (Binghamton University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Strong
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Historical and Cultural Archaeology Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Colonialism, slavery, and trade
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Keywords
- plantation history, Native Americans, enslaved Africans, European settlers, colonial New York, African Americans, Indigenous-settler relations, 17th century, 18th century
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