Assessing the Feasibility and Socio-Environmental Risks of Scaling Rare Earth Oxide (REO) Extraction from Monazite and Lateritic Deposits in India for Clean-Tech Manufacturing - A Secondary Data - Based Academic Analysis

Abstract

Rare Earth Elements (REEs) have emerged as indispensable minerals for the global transition to advanced technologies such as electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, defence electronics, aerospace components, and digital communication infrastructure. With China currently dominating more than two-thirds of global rare-earth mining and an even larger proportion of separation and processing capacity, supply chain vulnerabilities have become a critical strategic concern for nations dependent on technology imports. India possesses significant geological potential in the form of monazite-bearing coastal deposits and lateritic inland resources, yet domestic production remains limited due to environmental challenges, outdated processing infrastructure, and stringent regulatory restrictions. This research paper evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of scaling Rare Earth Oxide (REO) extraction in India and investigates associated socio-environmental risks. Using a multi-method framework integrating literature review, cost-model parameters, risk screening, and site-based case analysis, the study explores opportunities for domestic capacity building aligned with sustainability. Findings indicate strong potential for India to establish modular rare-earth extraction and processing infrastructure capable of supporting downstream industries such as permanent magnet manufacturing and EV production. However, responsible expansion requires transparent governance, advanced waste-management systems, community engagement, and strategic policy planning. The paper concludes by proposing a roadmap for sustainable development to reduce import dependency and strengthen India’s competitive position in global clean-technology supply chains.