Sejarah Penempatan dan Perubahan Sosial Muslim Hui di Xi'an, China History of Hui Muslim Settlement and Social Change in Xi'an, China

May combine two claims.

Islamic religious education in mosques or parental religious education at home successfully maintains Hui youth identity as Hui Muslims.

“Walaupun kebanyakan generasi muda Hui kini lebih cenderung untuk berasimilasi dengan budaya arus perdana Han di mana mereka bersekolah dan melanjutkan pelajaran di universiti yang sama dengan rakan Han mereka, pendidikan agama Islam di masjid atau pendidikan agama ibubapa di rumah berjaya mengekalkan jati diri mereka sebagai Hui Muslim 10 .”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The earliest Muslim settlement in Xi'an was concentrated in Huimin Jie (Muslim Quarter), near the Drum Tower, which remains the center of the Hui Muslim community today.

“Penempatan terawal Muslim di Xi'an tertumpu di kawasan Huimin Jie (Muslim Quarter), berhampiran Menara Gendang (Drum Tower) yang masih menjadi pusat komuniti Muslim Hui hingga hari ini.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This minority group controls 2 mosques around Xi'an.

“Kelompok minoriti ini ini menguasai 2 buah masjid di sekitar Xi'an.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This rebellion is estimated to have killed tens of millions of people, possibly up to 36 million, making it one of the bloodiest conflicts in world history.

“Pemberontakan ini dianggarkan mengorbankan puluhan juta nyawa, mungkin mencecah sehingga 36 juta orang, menjadikannya antara konflik paling berdarah dalam sejarah dunia.”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Today, the Gedimu group controls 6 mosques around Xi'an.

“Hari ini, kelompok Gedimu menguasai 6 buah masjid di sekitar Xi'an.”

May combine two claims.

Islam entered China through diplomatic and military missions since the 7th century, specifically through the role of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Muslim troops who helped Chinese dynasties.

“Berdasarkan sumber sejarah, penyelidikan lapangan dan kajian akademik semasa, artikel ini menyoroti kemasukan Islam melalui misi diplomatik dan ketenteraan sejak abad ke-7, khususnya melalui peranan Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas dan pasukan tentera Islam yang membantu dinasti-dinasti China.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

During the Ming Dynasty (14th to 17th century), Gedimu were recognized by the government but had to align with Confucian teachings emphasizing obedience, family, and hierarchy.

“Ketika Dinasti Ming abad 14 hingga abad ke 17 mereka diktiraf oleh pihak pemerintah tetapi perlu sejajar dengan ajaran Konfucius yang mementingkan ketaatan, keluarga dan hierarki.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Hui in Xi'an can be categorized into three main sect groups: Gedimu, Yihewani, and Xinxinjio (Salafi).

“Dari aspek kepercayaan dan amalan agama, etnik Hui di Xi'an boleh dikategorikan kepada tiga kumpulan mazhab utama iaitu:”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Jamaah system (Si-Fang Zhidu) is the basic social unit of Hui society.

“Sistem Jamaah ini (Si-Fang Zhidu) merupakan unit sosial asas masyarakat Hui.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Gedimu is the oldest and most traditional form of Islam in China and follows the Hanafi school adapted to local culture.

“Pada peringkat awal, majoriti masyarakat Hui mengikuti gedimu dari aliran Sunni yang merupakan bentuk amalan Islam tertua dan tradisional di China dan bermazhab Hanafi yang disesuaikan dengan budaya tempatan.”

May combine two claims.

Despite historical marginalization and socio-political upheaval, the Hui community in Xi'an maintained Islamic identity and community resilience, contributing significantly to Islamic heritage in China.

“Artikel ini merumuskan bahawa walaupun berdepan dengan marjinalisasi sejarah dan pergolakan sosio-politik, komuniti Hui di Xi'an kekal mempertahankan identiti keislaman dan daya tahan komuniti mereka, sekali gus memberikan sumbangan yang signifikan terhadap warisan Islam di China.”

May combine two claims.

Xi'an emerged as a strategic and symbolic center of Islam in China, showing the fusion of architecture, language, and culture between China and Islam.

“Xi'an muncul sebagai pusat strategik dan simbolik kepada Islam di China, memperlihatkan hasil penyatuan seni bina, bahasa dan budaya antara Cina dan Islam.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Fang refers not only to their settlement but also to a cultural system rooted in Hui society.

“Fang bukan sahaja merujuk kepada penempatan mereka, tetapi juga sistem budaya yang telah berakar umbi di dalam masyarakat Hui.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Gedimu controlled Xi'an from the 7th to 9th century during the Tang Dynasty.

“Kelompok Gedimu menguasai Xi'an bermula pada abad ke 7 hingga 9 pada era Dinasti Tang.”

May combine two claims.

Gedimu rejects reformist ideology and maintains continuity with old traditions.

“Mereka juga menolak pengaruh ideologi reformis sebaliknya mengekalkan kesinambungan terhadap tradisi lama.11 .”

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May combine two claims.

The evolution of Hui identity emphasizes their integration with Han culture while maintaining Islamic beliefs and practices.

“Kajian ini menelusuri evolusi identiti Hui dengan menekankan integrasi mereka dengan budaya Han sambil mengekalkan kepercayaan dan amalan Islam.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The presence of Sayid Sofeier with the Muslim troops in China was not merely military assistance but brought major implications for the history of Islamic spread, demographic change, and the formation of Chinese Muslim identity.

“Kehadiran beliau bersama tentera Islam ke China bukan hanya bersifat bantuan ketenteraan sematamata, tetapi membawa implikasi besar kepada sejarah penyebaran Islam, perubahan demografi, serta pembentukan identiti Muslim Cina.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Emperor Shenzong of Northern Song (1067-1085) brought in 5,300 Muslim troops from Bukhara under Prince Sayid Sofeier to help him oppose the Liao Dynasty (916-1125), which then controlled northern China and was his main rival.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Prince Sayid Sofeier was also popularly called Sayyid So-fei-er, known as a figure who played a major role in building a bridge between the Islamic world and China.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Muslim members of the Tammaci army were not only skilled in combat but also brought technical skills such as architecture, carpentry, and knowledge of science and engineering that were very useful to the Mongol government then building administrative infrastructure.

“Mereka bukan sahaja mahir dalam pertempuran, tetapi juga membawa bersama kemahiran teknikal seperti seni bina, pertukangan, serta pengetahuan sains dan kejuruteraan yang sangat berguna kepada kerajaan Mongol yang ketika itu sedang membina infrastruktur pentadbiran.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In this army, many Muslim members were absorbed, especially from areas conquered by the Mongols such as Transoxiana, Khurasan, and Persia.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Xi'an was strategically located in the fertile Wei River Valley, protected by mountains such as the Qinling in the south and the Loess Plateau in the north.

“Xi'an berada pada kedudukan strategik di Lembah Sungai Wei, yang subur dan dilindungi oleh gunung-ganang seperti Qinling di selatan dan Dataran Tinggi Loess di utara.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Xinxinjio (Salafi) is more conservative and literal, based on global Wahhabi and Salafi ideology.

“3. Xinxinjio (Mazhab Paling Baru atau Salafi): Aliran ini lebih konservatif dan literal, berasaskan ideologi Wahhabi dan Salafi global.”

May combine two claims.

As military-religious migrants, their presence was not solely for military purposes but also involved settlement and religious activities, thus shaping the demography and culture of the area.

“Sebagai tentera beragama yang berimigrasi (military-religious migration), kehadiran mereka bukanlah semata-mata untuk tujuan ketenteraan, tetapi turut melibatkan aktiviti penempatan dan keagamaan, sekali gus mencorakkan demografi dan budaya kawasan tersebut.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: During the Yuan Dynasty, Xi'an became one of the settlement centers for Muslim troops who joined the Tammaci army.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: After completing war duties, they were given land and opportunities to settle in China.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Muslims from the Arabian Peninsula, Persia, and Central Asia passed through Xi'an, which was the eastern terminus of the trade route connecting China with Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe along the Silk Road.

“orang Islam dari kawasan Semenanjung Tanah Arab, Parsi, dan Asia Tengah telah melalui Xi'an yang menjadi titik permulaan (eastern terminus) jalan perdagangan yang menghubungkan China dengan Asia Tengah, Timur Tengah, dan Eropah sepanjang Jalan Sutera (Silk Route).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These warfare tactics were very useful to the Chinese army in facing guerrilla warfare as commonly practiced by Khitan nomadic troops.

“Taktik peperangan ini sangat berguna kepada tentera China dalam menghadapi peperangan gerila seperti yang biasa dilakukan oleh tentera nomad Khitan.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Emperor Shenzong of Northern Song (1067-1085) brought in 5,300 Muslim troops from Bukhara under Prince Sayid Sofeier to help him oppose the Liao Dynasty (916-1125), which then controlled northern China and was his main rival.

May combine two claims.

Permanent settlement led to rapid growth of Islamic culture in education, medicine, astronomy, and trade, because the Bukhara community brought knowledge and skills from the Islamic world to China.

“Penempatan tetap ini juga membawa kepada pertumbuhan pesat budaya Islam dalam bidang pendidikan, perubatan, astronomi, dan perdagangan, kerana komuniti Bukhara turut membawa ilmu serta kemahiran dari dunia Islam ke China.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: After giving their service, most Islamic troops did not return to Bukhara; instead, by order and blessing of Emperor Shenzong, they were given the right to reside permanently in China, especially in Kaifeng, the capital of Song Dynasty at that time.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The second process involved three phases or waves of Islamic military entry into Xi'an: in 757M, 1070M, and the 13th century M.

“Proses kedua melalui tiga fasa atau gelombang kemasukan tentera Islam ke Xi'an iaitu pada tahun 757M, 1070M dan abad ke 13M:”

May combine two claims.

The preachers or alim ulama who came with them played an important role in spreading Islamic teachings, educating the younger generation, and strengthening Islamic identity among the Hui community.

“Sementara itu, golongan pendakwah atau alim ulama yang datang bersama mereka memainkan peranan penting dalam menyebarkan ajaran Islam, mendidik generasi muda, dan memperkukuhkan identiti Islam dalam kalangan masyarakat Hui.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Besides the Tammaci troops, workers, preachers, and Muslim refugees also arrived in Xi'an.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: They brought religious books, conducted halaqah, and created a mosque education tradition that later developed rapidly in Xi'an and surrounding regions.

May combine two claims.

In the early stage, the entry of Islam into Xi'an occurred through two processes: Arab-Persian trade that opened the Silk Road, and the role of Muslim soldiers in Central Asian conflicts that brought Islamic troops to Chang'an (Xi'an), who eventually assimilated with the local population.

“Pada peringkat awal, kemasukan Islam ke Xi'an melalui dua proses iaitu perdagangan Arab-Parsi yang membuka Jalan Sutera dan keduanya melalui peranan tentera Muslim dalam konflik Asia Tengah yang membawa tentera Islam ke Chang'an (Xi'an) yang akhirnya berasimilisasi dengan penduduk tempatan.”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To face the rebellion, in 757 Emperor Suzong of the Tang Dynasty requested help from 10,000 troops of various ethnicities in Central Asia under Abbasid influence led by Caliph al-Mansur, who ruled between 754-775M.

“Bagi menghadapi pemberontakan tersebut, pada tahun 757 Maharaja Suzong yang memerintah Dinasti Tang telah meminta bantuan 10, 000 tentera yang terdiri daripada pelbagai etnik di Asia Tengah yang berada di bawah pengaruh Abbasiyah pimpinan Khalifah al-Mansur, memerintah antara tahun 754-775M.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The name Chang'an was used officially for more than a hundred decades, representing the glory of past Chinese civilization.

“Nama ini telah digunakan secara rasmi selama lebih seratus dekad mewakili kegemilangan tamadun China silam.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The event of 757 marked the beginning of the active role of Muslims in Chinese society, not only as traders or travelers but also as contributors in defending local political stability and China's development.

“Peristiwa tahun 757 juga menandakan permulaan peranan aktif umat Islam di dalam masyarakat Cina, bukan hanya sebagai pedagang atau pengembara, tetapi juga sebagai penyumbang dalam mempertahankan kestabilan politik tempatan dan pembangunan negara China.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: After the war ended, around 4000 troops did not return to their home countries but built settlements there and married local women.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Huimen Jie, with an area of 1.2 square kilometers, is located near the administrative and commercial center of the Tang and later Ming Dynasties.

“Huimen Jie yang berkeluasan 1.2 kilometer persegi terletak berhampiran pusat pentadbiran dan komersial Dinasti Tang dan kemudian Dinasti Ming.”

May combine two claims.

During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong (742-756), there was a Xishi (West Market) dedicated to Hui traders, and the streets were filled with Persian shops and Hui residences.

“Semasa pemerintahan Maharaja Xuanzong (742-756) pula dikatakan terdapat Xishi (West Market) yang dikhususkan kepada para pedagang Hui dan jalan dipenuhi dengan kedai Parsi serta tempat tinggal masyarakat Hui.20”

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May combine two claims.

As reformers, Yihewani followers promote modern education, Arabic learning, and Muslim unity.

“Sebagai reformis, pengikut fahaman baru ini mempromosikan pendidikan moden, pembelajaran bahasa Arab, dan kesatuan umat Islam.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

He quickly captured Luoyang, the eastern capital, and declared himself emperor of a new dynasty, the Yan Dynasty.

“Beliau dengan pantas menawan Luoyang, ibu kota sebelah timur, dan mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai maharaja bagi dinasti baharu, Dinasti Yan.”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The name Chang'an was used officially until 1369 and changed to Xi'an during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).

“Nama Chang'an telah digunakan secara resmi hingga tahun 1369 dan diubah kepada Xi'an semasa Dinasti Ming (1368-1644).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The expertise of the Muslim troops from Bukhara helped protect China's borders and introduced desert warfare tactics and horse control.

“Kepakaran pasukan tentera Muslim dari Bukhara (sekarang di Uzbekistan) ini bukan sahaja membantu dalam melindungi sempadan China, tetapi juga memperkenalkan taktik peperangan padang pasir dan kawalan kuda.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Emperor Shenzong of Northern Song (1067-1085) brought in 5,300 Muslim troops from Bukhara under Prince Sayid Sofeier to help him oppose the Liao Dynasty (916-1125), which then controlled northern China and was his main rival.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The community later known as Hui-hui (term used by Mongol rulers for all Muslims) developed into the Hui Muslim community known today, especially in Xi'an.

“Komuniti ini kemudian dikenali sebagai Hui-hui (istilah yang digunakan pemerintah Mongol untuk semua orang Islam) berkembang menjadi komuniti Hui Muslim yang kita kenali hari ini, terutama di Xi'an.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: After the war ended, around 4000 troops did not return to their home countries but built settlements there and married local women.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Xi'an is said to be the first city to receive Islam in China, beginning with the first Arab embassy (Dashi) during the reign of Emperor Gaozong (649-683) of the Tang Dynasty (618-907).

“Xi'an dikatakan bandar pertama yang menerima Islam di China bermula dengan kewujudan Kedutaan Arab (Dashi, istilah Cina yang merujuk kepada Arab) yang pertama semasa pemerintahan Maharaja Gaozong (649-683) yang mengetuai Dinasti Tang (618-907).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The presence of auxiliary troops to Chang'an was not only military support but also a symbol of international cooperation and Islamic influence in Asian geopolitics at that time.

“Kehadiran tentera bantuan tersebut ke Chang'an bukan sahaja sebagai sokongan ketenteraan, tetapi juga sebagai simbol kerjasama antarabangsa dan pengaruh Islam dalam geopolitik Asia pada masa itu.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The second phase was an important point in the formation of a larger early Hui Muslim community.

“Fasa kedua ini merupakan titik penting dalam pembentukan komuniti Muslim Hui awal yang lebih besar.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Emperor Shenzong of Northern Song (1067-1085) brought in 5,300 Muslim troops from Bukhara under Prince Sayid Sofeier to help him oppose the Liao Dynasty (916-1125), which then controlled northern China and was his main rival.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: After giving their service, most Islamic troops did not return to Bukhara; instead, by order and blessing of Emperor Shenzong, they were given the right to reside permanently in China, especially in Kaifeng, the capital of Song Dynasty at that time.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 755, General An Lushan launched a surprise rebellion from Fanyang (near modern Beijing) with the stated reason of eliminating corrupt ministers.

“Pada tahun 755, Jeneral An Lushan melancarkan pemberontakan secara mengejut dari Fanyang (berhampiran Beijing moden) dengan alasan untuk menghapuskan menteri yang korup.”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yihewani calls for a return to the Qur'an and Hadith.

“Mereka menyeru kepada kembali kepada al-Qur'an dan Hadis, serta menolak adat dan budaya tempatan yang dianggap bertentangan dengan ajaran Islam termasuk amalan sufi.”

May combine two claims.

This indirectly shows how the Hui community connects their lives by balancing daily life as traders, having close relations within the Islamic community, and never neglecting religious aspects in their daily affairs.

“Ini secara tidak langsung menunjukkan bagaimana komuniti Hui menghubungkan kehidupan mereka dengan mengimbangi kehidupan seharian sebagai peniaga, mempunyai hubungan yang rapat dalam komuniti Islam dan tidak sekali-kali mengabaikan aspek keagamaan di dalam urusan seharian mereka.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It was customary at that time for small regions to be ruled by military governors (jiedushi) who acted independently from the central government.

“Adalah satu kebiasaan ketika itu, wilayah kecil diperintah oleh para gabenur tentera (jjedushi) yang bertindak sendiri secara bebas daripada kawalan kerajaan pusat.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

An Lushan was an influential general of Sogdian-Turk descent who turned traitor against the Tang Dynasty.

“An Lushan, adalah seorang jeneral yang berpengaruh berketurunan Sogdian-Turk yang berpaling tadah daripada Dinasti Tang.”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Xi'an was in its golden age under the Tang Dynasty.

“Xi'an berada pada zaman keemasan semasa di bawah Dinasti Tang.”

May combine two claims.

Huimen Jie is connected by narrow streets, including Beiyuanmen Street and Xiyangshi Street, and was developed with rows of halal shops, traditional restaurants, a night market, a mosque, and a madrasah.

“Sejajar dengan penempatan awal, Huimen Jie dihubungkan dengan jalan yang sempit, antaranya Beiyuanmen Street dan Xiyangshi Street serta dibangunkan sekali dengan deretan bangunan kedai halal, restoran tradisional, dan pasar malam, masjid dan madrasah.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

After the 17th century, with the entry of Sufi orders (menhuan) from Naqshabandiyyah, Qadiriyyah, and Kubrawiyyah, and the influence of Ikhwan al-Safa, Gedimu were accused of being too Chinese rather than Islamic (lax).

“Selepas abad ke-17 dengan kemasukan aliran tasawuf (menhuan) daripada Tariqat Naqshabandiyyah, Qadiriyyah dan Kubrawiyyah serta pengaruh Ikhwan al-Safa, kalangan Gedimu telah dituduh terlalu bersifat kecinaan berbanding keislaman (lax).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

At that time, Chinese silk became a symbol of luxury in Europe and the Middle East, while papermaking innovation made Xi'an very significant to trade.

“Ketika itu, sutera buatan China menjadi simbol kemewahan di Eropah dan Timur Tengah, manakala inovasinya dalam pembuatan kertas menjadikan Xi'an sangat siginifikan kepada perdagangan.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Li Jianbo, the arrival of Islam to Xi'an occurred through three stages.

“Secara khususnya, menurut Li Jianbo, kedatangan Islam ke bumi Xi'an melalui tiga peringkat: 19”

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May combine two claims.

The rebellion led to the destruction of northern regions, disruption of the Silk Road, and the decline of Tang political power.

“Ia membawa kepada kemusnahan wilayah utara, gangguan kepada Laluan Sutera, dan kemerosotan kuasa politik Dinasti Tang.21”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This area reflects a historical continuity of over 1,300 years, from the arrival of Arab-Persian traders to the modern Hui community that maintains Islamic teachings within a Chinese cultural framework.

“Kawasan ini mencerminkan kesinambungan sejarah lebih 1,300 tahun, dari zaman ketibaan pedagang Arab-Parsi hingga kepada komuniti Hui moden yang mengekalkan ajaran Islam dalam kerangka budaya Cina.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Their legacy formed Chinese citizens who practiced Islam within a Chinese cultural and linguistic environment.

“Legasi mereka membentuk warga China yang mengamalkan Islam dalam suasana budaya dan bahasa Cina.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: After giving their service, most Islamic troops did not return to Bukhara; instead, by order and blessing of Emperor Shenzong, they were given the right to reside permanently in China, especially in Kaifeng, the capital of Song Dynasty at that time.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Xi'an and its surrounding area were famous for producing silk, ceramics, tea, paper, and paper goods.

“Xi'an dan kawasan sekitarnya terkenal dengan penghasilan produk sutera, seramik, dan teh, kertas dan barangan diperbuat daripada kertas.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Xi'an was one of the largest and most cosmopolitan cities when the Silk Road was the main link between East and West during the Han Dynasty under Emperor Wu.

“Malah, bandar ini pernah menjadi salah satu bandar terbesar dan paling kosmopolitan ketika Jalan Sutera 15 menjadi penghubung utama antara Timur dan Barat semasa Dinasti Han ketika di bawah pemerintahan maharaja Wu.”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yihewani differs from Gedimu because of its reformist approach and rejection of cultural synergy practices.

“2. Yihewani -(Mazhab Baru atau Ikhwan) atau Sunnati: Kelompok ini berbeza pendapat dengan Gedimu kerana pendekatan reformis mereka dan penolakan terhadap amalan sinergi budaya.”

May combine two claims.

Although Xinxinjio has few followers, its influence is growing due to globalization, digital media, and study opportunities in the Middle East such as Saudi Arabia.

“Walaupun bilangan pengikutnya kecil, pengaruhnya semakin berkembang akibat globalisasi, media digital, dan peluang pengajian ke Timur Tengah seperti Arab Saudi.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Around it were established shops and inns that assimilated with Chinese culture.

“Di sekitarnya didirikan kedai dan rumah penginapan yang berasimilasi dengan budaya Cina.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

As a capital, Xi'an served as the most important political, trade, cultural, and religious center in Chinese history.

“Sebagai ibu kota, ia berfungsi sebagai pusat politik, perdagangan, budaya, dan agama yang terpenting dalam sejarah China.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Xi'an was the capital of thirteen dynasties, including the Han (206 BC-220 AD), Zhou (1046-771 BC), Qin (770-207 BC), Han (202 BC-8 AD), and Tang (618-907 AD).

“Xi'an pernah menjadi ibu kota kepada tiga belas dinasti antaranya Dinasti Han (206 SM -220 M), Zhou (1046-771 SM), Qin (770-207 SM), Han (202 SM 8 M) dan Tang (618-907 M).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Great Mosque of Xi'an not only functions as a place of worship but also serves as a center of community, education, and social administration for Muslim residents.

“Ia juga terletak berhampiran dengan Masjid Besar Xi'an yang bukan hanya berfungsi sebagai tempat ibadah tetapi juga menjadi pusat komuniti, pendidikan, dan pentadbiran sosial bagi penduduk Muslim.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The conflict caused great damage to Islamic culture and civilization but indirectly had a positive impact by facilitating the spread of Islam and migration of Muslims more widely into Mongol-controlled countries.

“Sekalipun, konflik ini telah menyebabkan kerosakan besar terhadap budaya dan tamadun Islam, secara tidak langsung ia memberikan impak positif di mana telah memudahkan penyebaran Islam dan penghijrahan umat Islam secara lebih meluas ke negara yang dikuasai Mongol.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In the 13th century, the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan conquered the Khwarezmian kingdom in Central Asia through attacks in 1219-1221, followed by the fall of Russian and Eastern European rule through conquests during 1236-1242.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: It was continued by his grandson, Kublai Khan (1215-1294), who led the Yuan Dynasty and extended its influence to the Middle East in 1256-1258, bringing major changes in China's ethnic and cultural composition.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The city imported glassware, spices, gems, and horses.

“Kota ini juga mengimport barangan kaca, rempah, permata dan kuda.”

May combine two claims.

They returned to planning and striving to change their lives including political equality, economic improvement, educational expansion, and religious freedom.

“Mereka kembali merancang dan berusaha mengubah kehidupan mereka termasuk kesetaraan politik, peningkatan taraf ekonomi, pengembangan pendidikan dan kebebasan bergama.35”

• cites [35]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

By the mid-19th century, Hui in Xi'an had successfully integrated with the local Han Chinese while maintaining their religious identity and being active in business.

“Sehingga pertengahan abad ke-19, masyarakat Hui di Xi'an telah berjaya berintegrasi dengan masyarakat Cina tempatan, iaitu Han dengan mengekalkan jati diri agama mereka dan aktif dalam perniagaan.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The presence of these refugees added cultural and experiential diversity to the local Islamic community.

“Kehadiran pelarian ini menambahkan lagi kepelbagaian budaya dan pengalaman dalam komuniti Islam tempatan.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Besides the Tammaci troops, workers, preachers, and Muslim refugees also arrived in Xi'an.

May combine two claims.

Hui customarily did not allow their women to marry other ethnicities, but women of other ethnicities could marry Hui men.

“Kebiasaannya, etnik Hui tidak membenarkan wanita mereka berkahwin dengan etnik lain, tetapi wanita etnik lain boleh berkahwin dengan mereka.24”

• cites [24]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

The rebellion initially began with a small dispute between a Han merchant dissatisfied with the payment for bamboo sold by a Hui man, or another version states it was caused by the cutting of bamboo owned by Han by a Hui man.

“Asalnya ia bermula dengan perbalahan kecil antara seorang peniaga Han yang tidak berpuashati dengan bayaran jualan buluh yang diberikan oleh seorang lelaki Hui ataupun versi lain menyatakan ia disebabkan oleh penebangan buluh milik etnik Han oleh lelaki Hui. 30”

• cites [30]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

Intermarriage enabled Hui Muslims to survive and maintain their identity among the Han Chinese.

“Amalan perkahwinan campur menyebabkan mereka mampu bertahan dan mengekalkan identiti mereka di kalangan masyarakat Han China.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Those initially brought from Arab and Persian Islamic areas as soldiers to help the Chinese emperor fight his enemies became permanent citizens of China.

“Mereka yang pada awalnya didatangkan dari kawasan Islam Arab dan Parsi sebagai tentera bagi membantu maharaja China untuk menentang musuhnya telah menjadi warga tetap negara China.”

May combine two claims.

Sheikh Hu Dengzhou initiated mosque education from Shaanxi, making Xi'an an important center of Islamic studies at that time.

“Tradisi klasik Islam di China muncul daripada pendidikan masjid yang dimulakan oleh Sheikh Hu Dengzhou dari Shaanxi dengan menjadikan Xi'an pusat pengajian Islam yang penting ketika itu dan masih meninggalkan impaknya hingga hari ini.”

• cites [26]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

The Qing government, fearing rebellion from within the city, segregated the Hui population within the city walls and then imposed military surveillance.

“Kerajaan Qing, yang bimbang akan pemberontakan dari dalam kota, mengasingkan penduduk Hui dalam tembok kota dan kemudian mengenakan pengawasan ketenteraan.”

May combine two claims.

Factors driving the Dungan Rebellion included the ongoing impact of the Taiping Rebellion (1851), long-standing dissatisfaction between Hui and Han communities, economic competition, government injustice, and discrimination by the Qing Dynasty.

“Pada dasarnya, akibat masih terkesan dengan Pemberontakan Taiping (1851), faktor rasa tidak puashati antara komuniti Hui dan Han sekian lama, persaingan ekonomi, isu ketidakdilan pemerintah, dan diskriminasi oleh Dinasti Qing terhadap mereka telah menjadi faktor mendorong kepada Pemberontakan Dungan ini.”

May combine two claims.

Sheikh Hu opened the way for later generations to produce Islamic scholarly works in Chinese, combining Confucian terms with Islamic concepts.

“Beliau membuka jalan kepada generasi seterusnya untuk menghasilkan karya ilmiah Islam dalam bahasa Cina, yang menggabungkan istilah Konfusianisme dengan konsep Islam.”

• cites [26]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Xi'an, located on the overland Silk Road visited by Islamic traders, was among the earliest locations to receive Islam in China.

“Sebagai kawasan yang terletak di laluan Sutera darat yang dikunjungi oleh pedagang Islam, Xi'an antara lokasi terawal menerima Islam di China.”

May combine two claims.

After the removal of the ruling dynasty from 1636-1911, Chinese Muslims including those in Xi'an emerged from confinement, recovered from psychological effects, and tried to build awareness as Chinese citizens.

“Setelah penyingkiran Dinasti yang berkuasa daripada tahun 1636-1911, Muslim negara China termasuk yang tinggal di Xi'an telah keluar dari kongkongan, kembali pulih daripada kesan psikologi dan cuba membangun kesedaran sebagai warga negara China.”

May combine two claims.

The ceremony is performed at home and especially in mosques, led by an ahong (ulama) and attended by manla (students) and mosque congregation, with content such as tahlil arwah (nietie), reading the Quran, communal meals, lectures on the suffering under Tongzhi rule, and lessons Muslims should learn from it.

“Ia dilakukan di rumah dan terutamanya di masjid dengan diketuai oleh seorang ahong (ulama) dan disertai oleh manla (murid) dan jamaah masjid dengan pengisiannya seperti tahlil arwah (nietie), membaca al-Quran, jamuan makan, syarahan mengenai keperitan di bawah pemerintahan Tongzhi dan pengajaran yang sepatutnya umat Islam pelajari daripadanya.33”

• cites [33]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Qing Dynasty succeeded in suppressing the rebellion through brutal military campaigns, assisted by local Han militia and a few Hui groups loyal to Qing.

“Dinasti Qing berjaya menumpaskan pemberontakan ini melalui kempen ketenteraan yang kejam, dibantu oleh pasukan pertahanan awam Han tempatan dan segelintir kumpulan Hui yang setia kepada Qing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Qing Dynasty was overthrown through the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 led by Sun Yatsen, changing it to a republican system.

“Dinasti Qing telah digulingkan melalui Revolusi Xinhai pada tahun 1911 yang diketuai oleh Sun Yatsen 34 dengan menukarkannya kepada sistem republik.”

• cites [34]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Finally, the Chinese government recognized them as a legitimate community with equal rights as other Chinese citizens.

“Akhirnya, kerajaan China mengiktiraf mereka sebagai sebuah komunti yang sah dan mempunyai hak yang sama dengan rakyat China lain.”

May combine two claims.

Sheikh Hu Dengzhou emphasized Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah and opposed syncretism or deviant practices absorbed into Muslim society by local Chinese culture and beliefs.

“Beliau menekankan prinsip Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah dan menentang kepercayaan sinkretisme atau amalan menyimpang yang telah terserap ke dalam masyarakat Muslim oleh kebudayaan dan kepercayaan Cina tempatan.”

• cites [26]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The area around Xi'an became a stable refuge for them to start a new life.

“Kawasan sekitar Xi'an menjadi tempat perlindungan yang stabil bagi mereka untuk memulakan kehidupan baharu.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Besides the Tammaci troops, workers, preachers, and Muslim refugees also arrived in Xi'an.

May combine two claims.

The Hui community was accused of planning a rebellion, which led to an initial attack by Qing troops.

“Komuniti Hui dituduh merancang pemberontakan, yang menyebabkan serangan awal oleh tentera Qing.31”

• cites [31]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The bloody event is still remembered today through the 17th Lunar Month Commemoration Ceremony.

“Peristiwa berdarah itu masih diingati hingga hari ini melalui Upacara Peringatan 17 Mei Bulan Lunar.”

May combine two claims.

Sheikh Hu Dengzhou performed the Hajj and studied in Mecca, possibly in other Middle Eastern countries.

“Sheikh Hu Dengzhou telah menunaikan ibadah haji dan belajar di Mekah bahkan berkemungkinan di beberapa negara Timur Tengah lain.”

• cites [26]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

From Xi'an, they formed an Islamic community and some among them were appointed to high positions in the Chinese government.

“Dari Xi'an, mereka membentuk komuniti Islam dan terdapat dalam kalangan mereka yang dilantik memegang jawatan tinggi dalam pemerintahan China.”

May combine two claims.

Hui Muslims in Xi'an enjoy relative freedom because they have assimilated with Han culture for a long time even though they have to face the Zongjiao Zhongguohua (Sinicization of Religion) policy.

“Etnik Muslim Hui di Xi'an menikmati kebebasan relatif kerana mereka telah terasimilasi dengan budaya Han sejak sekian lama sekalipun mereka terpaksa menghadapi dasar Zongjiao Zhongguohua (Sinicization of Religion) 37 .”

• cites [37]Not matched

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

However, they strived to obtain equal rights with other ethnic communities, especially the Han, in China.

“Namun mereka berusaha untuk mendapat hak yang sama dengan komuniti etnik lain terutama etnik Han di negara China.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Hui have been recognized as one of the 56 official ethnic groups (minzu) in China.

“Masyarakat Hui telah diiktiraf sebagai salah satu daripada 56 kumpulan etnik rasmi (minzu) di negara China.”

• cites [36]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Sheikh Hu Dengzhou was a strict Sunni scholar who sought to restore and maintain orthodox Sunni Islam when Islamic knowledge was declining due to political and social pressure.

“Sheikh Hu Dengzhou ialah seorang ulama Sunni yang tegas dan berusaha mengembalikan serta mengekalkan ajaran Islam ortodoks Sunni ketika ilmu Islam semakin merosot akibat tekanan politik dan sosial.”

• cites [26]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

The Dungan Rebellion lasted until 1877 and left a deep impact on relations between Hui and Han and other communities, with effects still felt today.

“Pemberontakan ini berlangsung sehingga tahun 1877 meninggalkan kesan mendalam dalam hubungan antara masyarakat Hui dan Han serta komuniti lain yang impaknya masih dirasai hingga hari ini.”

May combine two claims.

Sheikh Hu's influence is still visible in the education system, mosque practices, and religious thought of Muslims in Xi'an today.

“Pengaruh beliau masih dapat dilihat dalam sistem pendidikan, amalan di masjid, dan pemikiran keagamaan masyarakat Muslim di Xi'an hingga hari ini.”

• cites [26]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Some Hui managed to leave the troubled area to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, becoming known as the Dungan people.

“Terdapat juga mereka yang sempat meninggalkan daerah bergolak menuju Kazakhtan dan Kyrgystan sehingga mereka dikenali sebagai bangsa Dungan.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to Zhou Weizhou, urban Hui were mostly involved in trade, especially food processing and small business, and some in long-distance trade or cattle and sheep slaughter.

“Menurut Zhou Weizhou, orang Hui yang tinggal di bandar kebanyakannya terlibat dalam perdagangan, terutamanya pemprosesan makanan dan perniagaan kecil, ada juga yang menjalankan perdagangan jarak jauh atau penyembelihan lembu dan kambing.29”

• cites [29]Not matched

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May combine two claims.

The Hui-Fang area in Xi'an became a symbol of survival and separation-a walled area where Hui maintained their religion and identity under strict control.

“Kawasan Hui-Fang di Xi'an menjadi simbol kelangsungan hidup dan pemisahan -satu kawasan yang dipagari di mana masyarakat Hui mengekalkan agama dan identiti mereka di bawah kawalan ketat.”

May combine two claims.

The jingtang jiaoyu system later spread throughout China and became the main method of Islamic learning and education among the Hui for centuries.

“Sistem ini kemudian berkembang ke seluruh negara China, dan menjadi kaedah utama pembelajaran dan pendidikan Islam dalam kalangan masyarakat Hui selama berabad-abad.26”

• cites [26]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Zongjiao Zhongguohua policy is an official Chinese government policy meaning the adjustment of religions to Chinese culture, values, and ideology, especially with socialist values and the leadership of the Communist Party of China.

“Ia adalah dasar rasmi kerajaan China yang bermaksud penyesuaian agama-agama dengan budaya, nilai dan ideologi Cina khususnya dengan nilai sosialisme dan kepimpinan Parti Komunis China.”

• cites [37]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.