The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Socioeconomic Background and Achievement
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
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Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
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Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
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Citations
Cited by
Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models
Sobel, M. E. (1982) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/270723 · Cited by 12,810
Confidence Limits for the Indirect Effect: Distribution of the Product and Resampling Methods
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4 · Cited by 7,806
Socioeconomic Status and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Review of Research
Sirin, S. R. (2005) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543075003417 · Cited by 4,687
The relation between socioeconomic status and academic achievement.
White, K. R. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.91.3.461 · Cited by 1,650
Tests of the three-path mediated effect
Taylor, A. B., MacKinnon, D. P., & Tein, J.-Y. (2008) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428107300344 · Cited by 1,209
Metadata
- Authors
- Spady, W. G., Duncan, O. D., Featherman, D. L., & Duncan, B.
- Venue
- American Educational Research Journal
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1975
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 87
- ISSN
- 0002-8312 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2011680222
- Cited by
- 987
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 588.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Socioeconomic Background and Achievement. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2307/1162583
- The paper
- Spady, W. G., Duncan, O. D., Featherman, D. L., & Duncan, B. (1975). Socioeconomic Background and Achievement. American Educational Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.2307/1162583
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
