Using SAS PROC MIXED to Fit Multilevel Models, Hierarchical Models, and Individual Growth Models
Abstract
Judith D. Singer, Using SAS PROC MIXED to Fit Multilevel Models, Hierarchical Models, and Individual Growth Models, Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Winter, 1998), pp. 323-355
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Class-level random effects were included in subsequent models because the ICC indicated that approximately 11% of the variance in performance-avoidance goal adoption was explained by class.
“Consequently, it was deemed prudent to include class-level random effects in subsequent models (see Singer, 1998).”
From Why grades engender performance-avoidance goals: The mediating role of autonomous motivation. (2011) · cites this paper as Singer, 1998
Multi-level models with trials nested within participants were used to provide more appropriate estimates of regression parameters and avoid invalid statistical conclusions from dependency among trials.
“We therefore created multi-level models with trials nested within participants to provide more appropriate estimates of regression parameters. Multi-level models were implemented in the SAS PROC MIXED procedure [63].”
From The Importance of Moral Construal: Moral versus Non-Moral Construal Elicits Faster, More Extreme, Universal Evaluations of the Same Actions (2012) · cites this paper as [63]
No citation lists for this paper
No citation lists for this paper yet — checked again daily.
Cited by 1,092
- Authors
- Singer, J. D.
- Corresponding author
- Singer, Judith D.
- ORCID
- Singer, Judith D.
- Venue
- Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 323
- ISSN
- 1076-9986 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4247581045
- Cited by
- 1,092
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 58 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 14.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › SAS software applications and methods
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- SAS PROC MIXED, multilevel models, hierarchical models, individual growth models, mixed models, longitudinal analysis, statistical software
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
